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Introduction to Geography > Chapters 8-14 > Flashcards

Chapters 8-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Political integration within states is fostered by the development of internal transportation systems.
T/F

A

True

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2
Q

Great Britain has not experienced the phenomenon of regions seeking autonomy.
T/F

A

False

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3
Q

The fact that Illinois has over 6,000 local government units ranging from counties to special purpose sewer districts is an example of

political fragmentation.

metro-government.

gerrymandering.

proportional representation.

A

political fragmentation.

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4
Q

The Philippines is an example of a(an) _______________ state.

fragmented

elongated

compact

perforated

A

fragmented

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5
Q

The world’s largest and richest block of countries comprise which economic alliance?

Council of Mutual Economic Assistance

European Union

European Free Trade Association

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

A

European Union

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6
Q

The Spanish territorial outliers of Ceuta and Melilla are examples of

enclaves.

ministates.

exclaves.

stateless nations.

A

exclaves.

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7
Q

One of the most powerful of the centripetal forces, based on the concept of allegiance to a single country and the ideals and way of life it represents, is known as

idealism.

territoriality.

autonomy.

nationalism.

A

nationalism

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8
Q

All of the following usually help promote unity and national stability EXCEPT

cultural and language diversity.

schools.

a state church.

armed forces.

A

cultural and language diversity.

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9
Q

Hungary’s claims to Transylvania in Romania is based on what type of border conflict?

Watershed divides

Resource dispute

Minority group identification

Landlock dispute

A

Minority group identification

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10
Q

All of the following statements about the European Union are true EXCEPT that it

has not grown in size since its original creation.

had several forerunners.

has established a free-trade zone over much of Western Europe.

contains countries whose economies complement one another.

A

has not grown in size since its original creation.

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11
Q

Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia are examples of what type of 20th century terrorism?

State terrorism

Subnational terrorism

Domestic terrorism

International terrorism

A

State terrorism

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12
Q

The Kurds are an example of a

stateless nation.

nation-state.

part-nation state.

binational state.

A

stateless nation.

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a region in Western Europe seeking autonomy?

Scotland

Basque Country

Corsica

England

A

England

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14
Q

Totally or partially autonomous political units that are small in area and have less than 1 million people are known as

microunits.

ministates.

nanonations.

millilands.

A

ministates.

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15
Q

The Mississippi River is an example of what kind of boundary?

Consequent boundary

Natural boundary

Superimposed boundary

Antecedent boundary

A

Natural boundary

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16
Q

Groups seeking regional autonomy or independence frequently have peripheral locations within the state.

True

False

A

True

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17
Q

Countries in which the capital is also the primary city include

the United States and Canada.

Great Britain and France.

Pakistan and Turkey.

Australia and Brazil.

A

Great Britain and France.

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18
Q

The study of the organization and spatial distribution of political phenomena is known as

geographicacy.

pedology.

political geography.

international relations.

A

political geography.

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19
Q

The dissolution of European empires in this century is noteworthy for all of the following reasons EXCEPT the

speed with which empires dissolved after World War II.

fact that the European powers relinquished their control peacefully.

fact that former colonies have become independent states.

fact that former colonies covered large parts of the globe.

A

fact that the European powers relinquished their control peacefully.

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20
Q

Why do the boundaries of electoral districts in the United States have to be redrawn periodically?

A

The United States has to redraw the boundaries of electoral districts periodically because populations shift over time and need to be equally represented in government.

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21
Q

The decentralization of political control is known as

complementarity.

devolution.

geopolitics.

reapportionment.

A

devolution.

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22
Q

The Rio Grande, which forms part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States, is an example of

an artificial boundary.

a water divide.

a relic boundary.

a natural boundary.

A

a natural boundary.

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23
Q

The world’s largest state in terms of territorial extent is ______.

the United States

China

Russia

Canada

A

Russia

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24
Q

Switzerland is an example of a

stateless nation.

nation-state.

part-nation state.

multinational state.

A

multinational state.

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25
Q

The Palestinians are an example of a

stateless nation.

state.

nation-state.

part-nation-state.

A

stateless nation.

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26
Q

The Ganges in India and Chang Jiang (Yangtze) in China are river valleys important for the production of

rice.

manioc.

corn.

wheat.

A

rice

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27
Q

Intensive subsistence agriculture is concentrated in

areas with a Mediterranean climate.

the Lapland areas of Scandinavia.

major river valleys and deltas such as the Ganges.

the plains of the Midwest United States.

A

major river valleys and deltas such as the Ganges.

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28
Q

Which of the following is not a type of shifting cultivation?

Milpa

Chitemene

Ladang

Maquiladoras

A

Maquiladoras

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29
Q

All of the following statements about nomadic herding are true EXCEPT that it

is increasing in importance as the population dependent on it increases.

involves the controlled movement of livestock.

depends upon the availability of natural forage.

is the most extensive of agricultural land use systems.

A

is increasing in importance as the population dependent on it increases.

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30
Q

Which of the following in not characteristic of truck farms?

They are classified as extensive commercial agriculture

They are located near most medium-sized and large cities

They produce a wide range of fruits and vegetables

Transport costs are high because of special handling requirements

A

They are classified as extensive commercial agriculture

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31
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three major types of economic systems?

Subsistence

Commercial

Preindustrial

Planned

A

Preindustrial

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32
Q

According to the United Nations, urban agriculture accounts for what portion of the world’s total food production?

One-third

One-fifth

One-seventh

One-tenth

A

One-seventh

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33
Q

According to the von Thünen model, the most important determinant of the pattern of agricultural production is the

distance between the market and the production site.

soil fertility of the production zone.

demand at the market.

development of intervening opportunities.

A

distance between the market and the production site.

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34
Q

The maximum sustainable yield of a resource is the yield that cannot be exceeded.

True

False

A

False

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35
Q

The vast majority of increase in all grain production worldwide is due to the

increase in yield.

expansion of farmland.

decrease in animal production.

increase in world subsistence farming.

A

increase in yield.

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36
Q

Three categories of economic activities included in the quaternary sector of the economy include

agriculture, gathering industries, and extractive industries.

retail trade, wholesale trade, and services.

information, research, and management.

manufacturing, construction, and power production.

A

information, research, and management.

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37
Q

Which of the following is characterized by low capitalization per land unit, low population densities, and low labor requirements?

Plantation farming

Truck farming

Extensive commercial farming

Collective farms

A

Extensive commercial farming

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38
Q

The term Green Revolution refers to

the greening of America.

reforestation programs in former tropical rain forests.

environmental programs sponsored by the United Nations.

seed and management techniques that lead to greater farmland productivity.

A

seed and management techniques that lead to greater farmland productivity.

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39
Q

The highest proportion of the United States’ labor force is in

Primary activities

Secondary activities

Tertiary activities

None of the above

A

Tertiary activities

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40
Q

The production of metallic minerals is primarily based upon the

distances to the raw sources, the quantity of the ores and the availability of hydroelectricity.

quantity of the ores, the richness of the ores and the ability to refine the ores.

quantity of the ores, the richness of the ores and the distance to the markets.

richness of the ores, the availability of hydroelectricity and the distance to raw sources.

A

quantity of the ores, the richness of the ores and the distance to the markets.

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41
Q

Mediterranean agriculture is

dependent upon large quantities of summer rainfall.

known for grapes, olives, oranges and figs.

one of the least productive of the agricultural regions.

only found in Southern Europe and Northern Africa.

A

known for grapes, olives, oranges and figs.

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42
Q

Secondary industries are concerned with

extraction of natural resources.

information processing.

adding value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful commodities.

retailing and wholesaling activities.

A

adding value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful commodities.

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43
Q

The defining characteristic of subsistence agriculture is

production for international markets.

production for domestic markets.

production for immediate household needs.

crop production for livestock feeding.

A

production for immediate household needs.

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44
Q

Which statement about world grain production is TRUE?

It has been a subject of easy agreement in global trade talks.

It has become an insignificant commodity in international trade.

Since the 1970s, production has not kept pace with population growth.

Since the 1970s, production has outpaced population growth.

A

Since the 1970s, production has outpaced population growth.

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45
Q

Livestock ranching, traditionally characteristic of tropical developing countries, is slowly becoming part of mid-latitude farm economies.

True

False

A

False

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46
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary activity?

agriculture

forestry

mining

shipping

A

shipping

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47
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the role of women in agriculture is not correct?

The advances from the Green Revolution were unkind to women in that it reduced the female role in agricultural development programs

Women farmers are responsible for at least fifty percent of the world’s food

Women farmers share equally with men farmers in the rewards from agriculture

Women farmers work longer hours for lower wages than men farmers

A

Women farmers share equally with men farmers in the rewards from agriculture

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48
Q

Which of the following types of farming will locate closest to the market, according to the von Thünen model?

cash grain and livestock

extensive grain farming

mixed farming

dairy farming

A

dairy farming

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49
Q

The von Thünen model is based on the observation that the value of agricultural land is determined based on soil fertility and climate.

True

False

A

False

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50
Q

A principal land use over large areas of Asia and Africa where the climate is too dry to produce crops is

nomadic herding.

shifting cultivation.

ranching.

hunting and gathering.

A

nomadic herding.

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51
Q

No matter what the type of economic system, no advanced economy can flourish without which of the following variables?

Well connected transport network

Dominant agricultural sector

Entrenched government control

Manufacturing orientation

A

Well connected transport network

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52
Q

In general, the more economically advanced a society is, the more its output will be concentrated in
Group of answer choices

agriculture.

manufacturing.

services.

transportation and communications.

A

services

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53
Q

The economic decisions of a country are affected by all of the following factors except

cultural considerations.

dependency ratios.

political policies.

technological development.

A

dependency ratios.

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54
Q

A characteristic of modern economic growth is

That the importance of agriculture as an employer of labor increases.

Subsistence societies bypass secondary-stage processing and move to tertiary activities.

Secondary activities are replaced by service activities.

Service activities are replaced by secondary activities

A

Secondary activities are replaced by service activities.

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55
Q

A good example of market-oriented industry is

Aluminum manufacturing

Baked goods manufacturing

Fish processing

High-end automobile manufacturing

A

Baked goods manufacturing

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56
Q

Just-in-time manufacturing is aimed at

Getting goods to the manufacturer as soon as possible

Using storage space extensively

Reducing inventories through the production process

Reducing pollution during high production periods

A

Reducing inventories through the production process

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57
Q

Transnational corporations are well positioned to exploit the principle of comparative advantage.
Group of answer choices

True

False

A

True

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58
Q

A leading country to which services have been outsourced is

China.

Mexico.

Japan.

India.

A

India.

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59
Q

The forerunner of a wider, new pattern of world industrialization that has emerged in recent years is

Eastern Asia.

Northeastern United States.

Australia.

Mexico.

A

Eastern Asia.

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60
Q

Abandoned factories and mills, found throughout US cities, are examples of changes to the US economy and are known as

secondary sites.

brownfields.

grayouts.

postindustries.

A

brownfields.

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61
Q

Silicon Valley, North Carolina’s Research Triangle, and Silicon Valley North around Ottawa, Canada, are concentrations of

advanced quaternary-level services.

high technology industries.

retailing and wholesaling activity.

traditional heavy-industry manufacturing.

A

high technology industries

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62
Q

The least expensive form of freight movement for long distances is nearly always

air transportation.

railway transportation.

water transportation.

highway transportation.

A

water transportation.

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63
Q

A maquiladora is a Mexican

industrial crop.

border industry.

coastal industry.

ubiquitous industry.

A

border industry.

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64
Q

Tertiary activities do NOT

Enter world trade

Constitute a factor in China’s recent growth

Include world-wide competitive manufacturing

Include consumer services

A

Include world-wide competitive manufacturing

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65
Q

Once least-cost industrial sites are developed, they maintain their comparative advantage indefinitely due to agglomeration economies.

True

False

A

False

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66
Q

Despite making up less than 10% of the total value of world trade, trade talks have been stymied by lack of agreement over trade in
Group of answer choices

high technology products.

minerals.

services.

agricultural products.

A

agricultural products.

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67
Q

According to Alfred Weber, what category of costs was the major consideration determining industrial location?

Labor

Materials

Production

Transportation

A

Transportation

68
Q

Business services depend on providing

Services for other servicers

Raw materials for industry

Transportation corridors for key cities

Computer hardware for software engineers

A

Services for other servicers

69
Q

Classical location theories have proven to be as applicable to high-tech activities as to traditional secondary industries.

True

False

A

False

70
Q

Which of the following industries is LEAST likely to locate near the market for its finished products?

soft drink and beer bottling

automobile assembly

mattress manufacturing

plywood mill

A

plywood mill

71
Q

Outsourcing is a production process which depends on

Subcontracting production work

Purchasing goods from abroad

Using high hourly compensation workers

China

A

Subcontracting production work

72
Q

Assembly line production of identical commodities by a rigidly controlled and specialized labor force for generalized mass markets is known as

toyotaism.

hondaism.

chevroletism.

fordism.

A

fordism.

73
Q

Which is not one of the three primary expenses to be minimized in Weber’s least-cost theory for industrial location decisions?

agglomeration costs

advertising costs

transport costs

labor costs

A

advertising costs

74
Q

Agglomeration economies reflect cost savings resulting from the clustering of economic activities.

True

False

A

True

75
Q

Which tertiary activity is the world’s largest industry in jobs and total value generated?

Retail

Information technology

Stock market

Tourism

A

Tourism

76
Q
A
77
Q

The Asian “dragons” include Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.

True

False

A

True

78
Q

Of the following, the state with the highest concentration of high-technology industry is

California.

Ohio.

Pennsylvania.

Florida.

A

California

79
Q

Transnational corporations are an important factor in the globalizing world economy.
Group of answer choices

True

False

A

True

80
Q

Three categories of economic activities included in the business services sector of the economy include

agriculture, gathering industries, and extractive industries.

retail trade, wholesale trade, and consumer services.

finance, insurance, and real estate

manufacturing, construction, and power production.

A

finance, insurance, and real estate

81
Q

“Sister” plants to American companies that are established in Mexico within 12 miles of the US border for duty free-assembly of products destined for re-export are

fabricas.

ciudads.

maquiladoras.

plantas.

A

maquiladoras

82
Q

High-tech industries are NOT typified by
Group of answer choices

Robotics

Electronic controls

Computer-aided designs

Lower worker productivity

A

Lower worker productivity

83
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a major manufacturing region of the world?

Eastern Anglo America

Central Africa

Central and Western Europe

East Asia

A

Central Africa

84
Q

Just-in-time manufacturing is a characteristic of flexible production systems.

True

False

A

True

85
Q

Locational tendencies of high tech industries do NOT include

Important break-of-bulk centers

Proximity to major research universities

Locally available venture capital

Locational agglomeration

A

Important break-of-bulk centers

86
Q

Flexible production

is self-sufficiency applied to an industrial setting.

requires acquisition of components from outside suppliers.

requires a large inventory of supplies.

works well in a Fordist industrial setting.

A

requires acquisition of components from outside suppliers.

87
Q

The developing world’s share of gross global product has remained the same over the past fifty years.

True

False

A

False

88
Q

The concept of Comparative Advantage provides an understanding of

regional specialization.

locating plants near raw material sources.

lower wage rates in the United States.

high market demand for products.

A

regional specialization.

89
Q

The four Asian tigers are:

South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan

North Korea, Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq

Thailand, Malaysia, Haiti, Philip[pines

China, India, Japan, Pakistan

A

South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan

90
Q

Economies of agglomeration refer to

vertical integration of economic production.

clustering of firms to take advantage of shared infrastructure, services and skilled workers.

the spatial orientation tendencies of bulk-gaining secondary activities.

the comparative advantage of transnational corporations.

A

clustering of firms to take advantage of shared infrastructure, services and skilled workers.

91
Q

The world leader in the value of world trade in services is

the United States.

the United Kingdom.

Germany.

China.

A

the United States

92
Q

The multiplier effect predicts the new land use requirements resulting from growth in urban population.

T/F

A

False

93
Q

The urban share of the total population is highest in

China.

India.

Africa.

North America and Latin America.

A

North America and Latin America.

94
Q

In the past decade, the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the U.S. were located in the traditional manufacturing belt.

T/F

A

False

95
Q

Approximately what percentage of the United States and other western nations is urban?

26 percent

56 percent

76 percent

96 percent

A

76 percent

96
Q

Models of urban structure are universal and can be applied to cities in diverse world regions.

T/F

A

False

97
Q

World cities are noted for their

nationally prominent financial activities.

control over international production and marketing.

place at the top of high-density metropolitan areas.

economic and social complexity.

A

control over international production and marketing.

98
Q

The urbanized area is defined by structural and population densities, not by legal boundaries.

T/F

A

True

99
Q

Central place theory assumes

consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store.

demand for goods and services is insatiable.

only motor transport is available.

the terrain includes mountains and valleys.

A

consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store.

100
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the multiplier effect is correct?

It is based on the city’s fertility rates

It only increases, it does not decrease

It is only useful in larger metropolitan areas

The size of the effect is determined by the city’s basic/nonbasic ratio

A

The size of the effect is determined by the city’s basic/nonbasic ratio

101
Q

According to the economic basic model, all jobs are equal when it comes to fostering growth of the city.

T/f

A

False

102
Q

Most of the megacities, with population over ten million each, can be found in Europe and North America.

T/F

A

False

103
Q

The three most dominant world cities are

New York, Paris, Shanghai.

Tokyo, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay).

London, Tokyo, New York.

Los Angeles, Tokyo, Berlin.

A

London, Tokyo, New York.

104
Q

Central place theory predicts all of the following EXCEPT

there will be more small towns than larger towns.

larger towns will have larger market areas than smaller towns.

towns of the same size will be evenly spaced.

all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

A

all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

105
Q

According to the concentric zone model, land uses are arranged in which order, moving outward from the center of the city?
Group of answer choices

CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, commuter zone, zone of better residences

zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, CBD, commuter zone

CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone

CBD, zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, commuter zone

A

CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone

106
Q

The spatial distribution based on family status is similar to which urban form model?

Concentric model

Multi-nuclei model

Peripheral model

Sector model

A

Concentric model

107
Q

As a city increases in size, service worker numbers increase more rapidly than do basic workers.

True

False

A

True

108
Q

Compared to U.S. settlements, Canadian urban areas of equal population size tend to

be less compact.

have fewer apartments in the CBD.

have less public transportation.

have a higher population density.

A

have a higher population density.

109
Q

Gentrification is the rehabilitation of housing in the oldest and now deteriorated inner-city areas by middle and high income groups.

True

False

A

True

110
Q

In what part of the world do cities commonly have a historic core area contained within the remains of walls and a greenbelt on the periphery?

Asia

Latin America

Europe

Africa

A

Europe

111
Q

Central place theory assumes

everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold.

there is a decline in land values with increasing distance from the peak value intersection.

that the rural population is unevenly dispersed.

that people have different tastes, demands, and incomes in different places.

A

everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold.

112
Q

In a city with a basic/nonbasic ratio of 1:2.5, an increase of 10,000 basic sector jobs would generate how many new total employees in the city?

4,000

10,000

25,000

35,000

A

35,000

113
Q

Central place theory is concerned with

the relation between site and topographic features.

the location, size, and spacing of population centers.

the land use of major metropolitan areas.

land uses in central areas of cities.

A

the location, size, and spacing of population centers.

114
Q

According to the United Nations, for a city to be designated a “megacity” it must a have a minimum population of

10 million.

25 million.

50 million.

100 million.

A

10 million.

115
Q

The movement of middle-class people to deteriorated portions of the inner city and restoration of deteriorated housing is called

displacement.

exurbanization.

gentrification.

homelessness.

A

gentrification.

116
Q

A common locational feature associated with the growth of large cities is

a location in the deep interior of continents, in accordance with the heartland theory.

a location north of the 60th parallel.

a break-in-bulk location.

great distances from hubs of transportation routes.

A

a break-in-bulk location.

117
Q

Quantities of a resource that can be extracted profitably from known deposits are known as what kind of reserves?

Artificial

Proved

Power

Exploratory

A

Proved

118
Q

Which of the following areas is not one of the major producers of hydroelectric power in the U.S.?

New York State

Gulf Coast

Pacific Northwest

Tennessee Valley

A

Gulf Coast

119
Q

Russia was the second largest producer of oil in the world in 2008.

T/F

A

True

120
Q

The renewable energy source that is LEAST affected by local site considerations is

geothermal power.

biomass.

large-scale hydropower.

tidal power.

A

biomass.

121
Q

Recreation and wildlife habitat are two of the goals in the management of U.S. National Forest lands.

True

False

A

True

122
Q

Vast quantities of oil, enough to supply domestic needs for another century, are contained in U.S. deposits of

biomass.

crude oil.

oil shale.

uranium.

A

oil shale

123
Q

Which of the following is a potentially renewable resource?

groundwater

crude oil

coal

wind energy

A

groundwater

124
Q

The widespread adoption of soil conservation practices such as strip cropping and no-till farming have reduced soil erosion rates in the United States to all time lows.

True

False

A

False

125
Q

The soil and rock above the vein of coal that is stripped off in the process of surface or strip mining is known as the

wasteland.

talus.

overburden.

pitch.

A

overburden

126
Q

Which fossil fuel has the least impact on the environment?

Coal

Natural gas

Petroleum

Oil shale

A

Natural gas

127
Q

All of the following statements regarding tar sands are true EXCEPT

the bitumen in tar sands can be converted to gasoline, jet fuel, and other fuels.

the largest tar sands deposits are located in Alberta, Canada.

tar sands are an environmentally friendly source of energy.

tar sands exist in vast quantities.

A

tar sands are an environmentally friendly source of energy.

128
Q

Wetlands include all of the following except

bogs.

moraines.

bayous.

marshes.

A

moraines

129
Q

A commodity is a resource only when a culture recognizes it as such.

True

False

A

True

130
Q

Expanding the amount of land devoted to food production

has the greatest potential for increasing world food supplies.

is most likely to occur in Europe and North America.

may do irreparable damage to the land.

was one of the chief benefits of the Green Revolution.

A

may do irreparable damage to the land.

131
Q

The more resources a country has, the higher its level of technology and quality of life.

True

False

A

False

132
Q

What is the major cause of deforestation?

Clearing land for crop production

Urbanization

Cutting trees for fuel

Removing forests to build highways

A

Clearing land for crop production

133
Q

Perhaps the worst ecological abuse of U.S. National Forests has occurred in this national forest which is North America’s largest temperate rainforest.

Tongass

Sequoia

Olympic

White Mountain

A

Tongass

134
Q

Nonfuel mineral deposits are the result of

geologic processes which concentrated the deposits.

lack of conservation techniques.

technological advances.

the location of the population.

A

geologic processes which concentrated the deposits.

135
Q

More than half the world’s population depend upon what type of resource for energy needs?

Coal

Oil

Biomass

Solar

A

Biomass

136
Q

Which statement regarding wind power is NOT true?

A problem is the intermittent nature of wind.

Off-shore locations are popular locations for installations.

The best locations are often close to where power is needed.

It is a renewable energy source comparable in price to conventional fossil fuel power plants.

A

The best locations are often close to where power is needed.

137
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Energy consumption and industrialization are highly correlated.

Some countries have a rich resource base but a population that is poor.

Per capita energy production is correlated with national energy consumption.

Industrialized countries can compensate for a lack of resources by importing raw materials.

A

Per capita energy production is correlated with national energy consumption.

138
Q

The evaporation of irrigation water from farm fields can damage soil fertility through

soil erosion.

deforestation.

desertification.

salinization.

A

salinization.

139
Q

The only large expanses of old-growth forest remaining in the United States, most of them owned by the federal government, are found in which region?

New England

Deep South

Rocky Mountains

Pacific Northwest

A

Pacific Northwest

140
Q

Which concept refers to satisfying current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs?

Sustainable development

Resource recovery

Maximum sustainable yield

Underconsumption

A

Sustainable development

141
Q

Areas with an exceptionally high number of endemic species and are also at high risk of disruption by human activities are known as

hot spots.

danger zones.

areas of extinction.

altered landscapes.

A

hot spots.

142
Q

What is the second largest expenditure for most local governments in the United States?

Wetlands protection

Solid-waste disposal

Air quality monitoring

Endangered species protection

A

Solid-waste disposal

143
Q

An exotic species is a plant or animal that

is very rare.

is released into a foreign ecosystem.

is very expensive to purchase.

lives in a tropical climate.

A

is released into a foreign ecosystem.

144
Q

The single greatest contributor to solid wastes is

agriculture.

mining.

tourism.

municipalities.

A

mining.

145
Q

Which of the following lists the three methods of solid-waste disposal in proper order, based on the percentage of waste disposed in the United States?

Landfills, incineration, recycling

Landfills, recycling, incineration

Incineration, landfills, recycling

Recycling, incineration, landfills

A

Landfills, incineration, recycling

146
Q

The Aral Sea has lost much of its water to

evaporation.

global warming.

thermal pollution.

irrigation.

A

irrigation

147
Q

What gas in the stratosphere prevents dangerous intensities of ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth’s surface?

ozone

hydrogen

argon

nitrogen

A

ozone

148
Q

E-waste refers to

discarded consumer electronic products.

E. coli entering water systems.

fertilizers that cause eutrophication.

energy-related waste from the extraction and processing of coal and petroleum.

A

discarded consumer electronic products.

149
Q

Ozone layer depletion is believed to be caused chiefly by

ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

buildup of carbon dioxide.

particulate pollution.

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

A

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

150
Q

An example of high-level radioactive waste, which can remain radioactive for 10,000 years and more, is

detergent wastes.

organic solvents.

pharmaceutical waste.

spent nuclear power reactor fuel assemblies.

A

spent nuclear power reactor fuel assemblies.

151
Q

There is an abundance of water to support more people than we have now on the earth. The problem is the distribution of water as some parts of the world receive more than others.

True

False

A

True

152
Q

The three main types of pollutants found in agricultural runoff are

animal wastes, biocides, and fertilizers.

animal wastes, sediment, and inorganic solvents.

biocides, e-coli bacteria, and organic solvents.

biocides, herbicides, and pesticides.

A

animal wastes, biocides, and fertilizers.

153
Q

Which of the following identifies the three factors influencing the degree of human impact on the environment, as measured through the IPAT equation?

Population, affluence, technology

Pollution, affordability, transnational corporations

Pricing, age, threshold

Point source, agglomeration, tertiary activity

A

Population, affluence, technology

154
Q

Which of the following statements about solid waste is NOT true?

Recycling has little effect on the volume of solid waste that must be land filled or incinerated.

Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries.

Society has always been faced with problems of discarding materials that are no longer needed.

Every method of disposing of solid waste has an impact on the environment.

A

Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries.

155
Q

Of the landforms produced by excavation, which has probably had the greatest environmental impact?

canals

surface mining

underground mining

chalk pits

A

surface mining

156
Q

The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for global efforts to

reduce acid rain.

control ocean pollution.

halt global warming.

stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

A

stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

157
Q

The construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs

does not affect stream flow.

reduces the sediment load downstream.

decreases the salinity of the soil.

increases the amount of nutrients available for crops and fish.

A

reduces the sediment load downstream.

158
Q

Which of the following is the greatest contributor to ozone depletion?

Chloroflurorocarbons (CFCs)

Methyl bromide

Halons

Fertilizers

A

Chloroflurorocarbons (CFCs)

159
Q

The most critical concern regarding the disposal of radioactive wastes is that

dumping wastes at sea has resulted in contamination of the oceans.

injecting the waste into deep wells can trigger earthquakes.

no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal.

burying wastes on land has led to contamination via leaks from the barrels.

A

no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal.

160
Q

The largest underground water supply in the U.S. is located in the

Florida everglades.

Great Lakes basin.

high plains from South Dakota to west Texas.

Tennessee valley.

A

high plains from South Dakota to west Texas.

161
Q

The specific place of an organism in an ecosystem is called its

habitat.

biosphere.

niche.

trophic level.

A

niche.

162
Q

The primary source of primary air pollutants in the United States is industry.

True

False

A

False

163
Q

The gradual accumulation of nutrients in lakes is called

nutrification.

biocidification.

fertilization.

eutrophication.

A

eutrophication.

164
Q

Which of the following statements about mining is NOT true?

It contributes to both water and air pollution.

In terms of tonnage, it is the single greatest contributor to solid wastes.

Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining.

It disrupts wildlife habitats.

A

Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining.

165
Q

Electronic telecommunication devices have provided a major benefit to the environment by eliminating paper waste without creating new solid waste disposal issues.

True

False

A

False

Introduction to Geography (3 decks)

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