Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Bio > Chapters 7 and 8- Blood and circulation and Respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapters 7 and 8- Blood and circulation and Respiratory system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body
  • transporting CO2 and other waste products away from cells
  • transporting hormones
  • distributing heat and maintaining body temp
  • maintaining water content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does O2 get transported throughout the blood?

A

3% of oxygen is carried in the plasma, 97% is carried in a combination of haemoglobin molecules, which are found in only red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is nutrients transported throughout the blood?

A

dissolved into the blood plasma. Nutrients are the essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the food we eat. Inorganic nutrients are transported as ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are wastes transported throughout the blood?

A

metabolic wastes are substances produced in cells that cannot be used and would be harmful if accumulated. Some important wastes include urea, creatinine and uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of RBC’s?

A

transports oxygen and other nutrients throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does CO2 get transported throughout the blood?

A
  • 8% is dissolved into plasma and carried in solution
  • Another 22% combines with the globin part of haemoglobin molecule to form a compound (carbaminohaemoglobin)
  • The remaining 70% is carried in the plasma as bicarbonate ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of WBC’s?

A

fight infections and produce immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

important in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding in wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

transport essential substances and contain proteins that assist with blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a simple definition fo the heart?

A

the pump that pushes blood throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the capillaries?

A

tiny vessels that carry blood between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

carry blood back towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is systematic circulation?

A

the portion of the circulatory system which carries blood to body cells and tissues and picks up CO2 and waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does blood flow change?

A

by changing the output of blood from the heart and by changing the diameter of the blood vessels supplying the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

(heartbeat)- the sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of a heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the contractions and relaxations of the heart called?

A

systole and diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

the contraction of a blood vessel- reduces diameter of an artery thus reducing blood flow to an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

when the muscle relaxes to increase blood flow to an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are venules?

A

small veins that capillaries join into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are vasodilators?

A

substances that produce a local widening or dilation of arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is blood clotting?

A

formation of a blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is coagulation?

A

formation of a blood clot?

27
Q

what are clotting factors?

A

chemical substances in blood plasma that are essential for blood clotting

28
Q

what is fibrin

A

an insoluble protein in the form of threads; form blood clots by forming blood cells, platelets and plasma together in a mesh

29
Q

what is clot retraction?

A

contraction of the fibrous threads of a blood clot

30
Q

what is serum?

A

blood plasma without the clotting substances, squeezed out of a blood clot during clot retraction

31
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a system of vessels that drains excessive fluid from the tissues

32
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

an oval shaped structure found on the lymphatic vessels; involved in protection against infection

33
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

a large vessel that collects lymph from the lymph capillaries

34
Q

what is lymph?

A

the colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels to be returned to the blood

35
Q

what is the ABO blood group system?

A

a system of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the RBC’s

36
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues

37
Q

what is an antibody?

A

a substance produced in the response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

38
Q

what is a blood transfusion?

A

a transfusion transfers blood, or one of the components of blood, from one person to another

39
Q

why is mixing blood types extremely dangerous?

A

if blood types are incompatible, they can cause the erythrocytes to clump together or aggulitnate

40
Q

what is a whole blood transfusion?

A

blood taken from the donor but with a chemical added to prevent clotting

41
Q

what are red cell concentrates?

A

a component of blood used in transfusions; produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge

42
Q

what are platelet concentrates?

A

a component of blood used in transfusions

43
Q

what is cryoprecipitate?

A

a blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly

44
Q

what is immunoglobulins?

A

a group of proteins (antibodies are an example)

45
Q

what is an autologous transfusion?

A

when the patient’s own blood is used

46
Q

what is the respiratory system?

A

the system specialised for the intake of oxygen and the removal of CO2 KNOW HOW TO LABEL

47
Q

what is the membrane that covers the surface of the lungs?

A

pleura

48
Q

what is the thin layer of fluid between the two layers of membrane?

A

pleural fluid

49
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

very fine tubes that the bronchi branch into

50
Q

what are the tiny air sacs that bronchioles open up into?

A

alveoli

51
Q

why is the alveoli important?

A

they are the exchange surface for respiratory gases

52
Q

what is each alveolus surrounded by?

A

a network of blood capillaries

53
Q

why are lungs well suited for their gas exchange?

A
  1. millions of alveoli have enough surface area to exchange large amounts of gases in short periods of time
  2. the blood vessels provide as much blood flow as possible close to the alveolus which helps maintain a difference in concentrations of oxygen and CO2
  3. the thin membrane surrounding the alveolus enables gas molecules to travel easily through the blood vessels
  4. because the lungs are positioned deep inside the body it prevents excessive evaporation of the fluid that surrounds and protects the lungs
  5. due to respiratory muscles, air is always flowing in and out of the lungs- always a difference in concentrations fo oxygen and CO2
54
Q

what is inspiration?

A

breathing in / inhaling

55
Q

what is expiration?

A

breathing out / exhaling

56
Q

what is the process of inspiration?

A
  • external intercostal muscles contract- rib cage goes up and out
  • diaphragm contracts- chest cavity extends down
  • increase in lung volume
  • air flows from high outside body to low inside lungs
  • breathes in
57
Q

what is the process of exhalation?

A
  • external intercostal muscles relax- rib cage goes down and inwards
  • diaphragm relaxes chest cavity- pushes up
  • decrease in lung volume
  • air flows from high inside lungs to low outside
  • breathes out
  • during forced breathing = internal intercostal muscles contract
58
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

the blood within the capillaries that surround the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen (used by body cells- arteries) the oxygen therefore dissolves into the moisture on the inside of the alveoli and diffuses through the membrane

59
Q

what are the percentages of O2 and CO2 concentration of inspired and expired air?

A

O2- inspired air = 20.95%
expired air = 15.8%
CO2- inspired air = 0.04%
expired air = 4.3%

60
Q

what is emphysema?

A

a disease of the lungs that damages the alveoli; caused by long term exposure to irritants

61
Q

what is lung cancer?

A

growth of a tumour in the lungs

62
Q

what are lung infections?

A

pneumonia- a lung infection that causes fluid and mucus to build up in the alveoli, causing difficulty breathing

tuberculosis- a lung infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis

63
Q

what is asthma?

A

an allergic condition that causes narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing

Human Bio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions