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Human Bio > Chapters 5 and 6- Tissues and Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapters 5 and 6- Tissues and Cell Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which unspecialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

a group of cells that are similar in structure and function

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

a structure made up of different types of tissue working together

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4
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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5
Q

What function does epithelial tissue have?

A

works as a covering or lining tissue. Eg the outer layer of skin is epithelial tissue. Organs such as the heart, liver, lungs and kidneys are covered with epithelium. Cells are column-shaped or cube-shaped depending on the tissue

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6
Q

What function does the connective tissue have?

A

provides support for the body and helps to hold all the body parts together. One of the main characteristics of this tissue is that the cells are not close together like epithelium. Eg bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and fat storage

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7
Q

What is the matrix?

A

non-cellular material between the cells of a tissue

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8
Q

What function does muscular tissue have?

A

respond to a stimulus by contracting and becoming shorter. Cells are long and thin, often referred to as muscle fibres

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9
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Involuntary
  3. Cardiac
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10
Q

What function does skeletal muscle have?

A

makes up muscles that are attached to bones. Sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle as we have control over them. Cells have striation (stripes)

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11
Q

What function does involuntary muscles have?

A

made up of cells that cannot contract voluntarily. Found in the walls of the stomach and intestines, walls of blood vessels, the uterus, etc. Cells have no striations

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12
Q

What function does cardiac muscle have?

A

makes up the heart. When the heart muscle contracts, it pumps blood. It cannot be voluntarily controlled

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13
Q

What function does the nervous tissue have?

A

made up specialised nerve cells called neurons. When part of the neuron is stimulated, messages can be carried along the projections of a neuron from one body part to another. This tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

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14
Q

How do organs work?

A

Organs are made up of two or more types of tissue. The tissues of an organ work together to carry out a particular task. Eg the heart is mainly made up of muscle tissue but it is lined with epithelium. It also contains nervous tissue to make the heart contract

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15
Q

What is an organism?

A

a living thing with body systems all integrated. All systems tie in together. Eg the heart needs oxygen, which is supplied by the respiratory system; brain cells need nutrients which is processed through by the digestive system and transferred to the circulatory system and so on

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16
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

substances that have large molecules and contain carbon eg carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

organic molecules that are the main source of energy for cells

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18
Q

Define inorganic

A

not containing carbon or having small molecules

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19
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism

20
Q

What is catabolism?

A

chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with the release of energy

21
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the process of combining small molecules to make larger ones; requires energy; also known as synthesis

22
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

simple sugars or single-unit sugars. Eg glucose, fructose and galactose

23
Q

Define disaccharides

A

two simple sugars joined together. Eg sucrose, maltose and lactose

24
Q

define polysaccharides

A

large numbers of simple sugars joined together. Eg glycogen, cellulose and starch

25
Q

what do proteins contain

A

proteins always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and often sulfur and phosphorus. They are made up of large numbers of smaller molecules called amino acids

26
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20- glycine, alanine, valine and glutamic acid

27
Q

what is the bond called that forms amino acids

A

peptide bond- two amino acids joined is called a dipeptide. Ten or more is called a polypeptide

28
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

very large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They are made up of nucleotides, each of which contains a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate,

29
Q

what are the two main kinds of nucleic acid?

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

30
Q

what does RNA contain?

A

a single chain fo nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose

31
Q

define enzymes

A

proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature. Without enzymes, these reactions would be too slow to be of any use to the body. Most chemical reactions require energy to get started.

32
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

33
Q

what is the substrate?

A

the molecules on which an enzyme acts

34
Q

list some examples of factors that influence enzyme activity

A
  • the higher the concentration of the enzyme, the faster the rate of the chemical reaction
  • increasing substrate concentration also increases the rate of reaction
  • the products of the reaction must be continually removed, otherwise, the rate of the reaction will slow because it becomes more difficult for the substrate molecules to make contact with the enzyme molecules
  • temperature influences enzyme activity
35
Q

what are co-enzymes?

A

non-protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme

36
Q

what are enzyme inhibitors?

A

substances that slow or even stop the enzyme’s activity. They may be used by cells to control reactions so that products are produced in specific amounts

37
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

the chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell; also called tissue respiration or internal respiration

38
Q

explain the process of ATP

A

the remaining energy from cellular respiration is used to form a compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is formed when an inorganic phosphate group is joined to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The phosphate groups in ATP are joined by high-energy chemical bonds. Some of the energy from cellular respiration is stored in the bond between the ADP molecule and the third phosphate group. The process can produce up to 38 glucose molecules

39
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the breakdown of a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid; it releases energy to form two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

40
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration that does not require oxygen

41
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

extra oxygen required after exercise in addition to the normal resting requirement; it is required to remove the lactic acid produced during exercise

42
Q

what is recovery oxygen?

A

the extra oxygen needed to ‘recover’ after exercise

43
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration requiring oxygen

44
Q

what is the Krebs cycle?

A

the formation of two more ATP molecules from the two pyruvic acid molecules

45
Q

what is the electron transport system?

A

a series of chemical reactions occurring in the mitochondria of a cell whereby energy from carrier molecules is transferred to ATP for storage. The process can produce up to 34 molecules of ATP from the products of one glucose molecule

46
Q

what is synthesis?

A

the combination of small molecules to make larger molecules

47
Q

what is a nutrient?

A

any substance found in food that is used for growth, repair or maintaining the body. The six groups include water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins

Human Bio (8 decks)

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