Chapters 7,8,9,10,11 Flashcards
Social Smile
a smile evoked by a human face, evident in infants 6 weeks after birth
stanger wariness
an infants expression of conserne– a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness– when a stranger appears
seperation anxiety
infant’s distress when a familiar care giver leaves, most obvious between 9 & 14 mos
Self-Awareness
a person’s realizeation that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind and actions ares separate from those of other people
temperment
inbor differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation. temperment is epigenetic, priginating in genes but affected by child rearing practices
goodness of fit
a similarity of temperment and values that produces a smooth interation between an individual and his/her social context, including family, school and community
big 5
the 5 basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout life: openess, consceintiousness extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism
trust vs. mistrust
erikson’s first psychological crisis. infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met
autonomy vs shame/ doubt
erikson’s 2nd crisis of psychosocial development. toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies.
social learning
learning that is accomplished by observing others
ethnotheory
a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture
proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching
distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching
synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
still face technique
an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-fave interation with an infant
attachment
according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver– a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
secure attachment
relationship (type B) in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of their caregiver
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern of attachment (type A) in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, a when the infant seems not to care about the caregriver’s presence, departure or return.
insecure-resistant/ ambivalent attachment
a pattern of attachment (type C) in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment (type D) that is marked by an infant’s inconsistant reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return.
strange situation
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to stress in 8 episodes of 3 minutes each
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reations. that other person becomes a social reference
family day care
child care that coccurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of various ages
center day care
child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children. Children are usually grouped by age, the day care center is licened and providers are trained and certified in child development
myelination
process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
corpus callosum
long thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them
lateralization
literally, sideness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. leftside of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
preservation
tendency to preserve in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time
amygdala
tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety
hippocampus
a brainstructure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations
hypothalamus
brain area that responds to the amygdala an the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
injury control/ harm reduction
practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place
primary prevention
actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted even or circumstance such as injury, disease or abuse
secondary prevention
actions that avert harm in high-risk situation, suchas stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian
tertiary pervention
actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illnedd or injury) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability
child maltreatment
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age
child abuse
deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
child neglect
failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs
reported maltreatment
harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities
substantiated maltreatment
harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified
permanency planning
an effort by child welfare authorities to find a long term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child
foster care
legal publicly supported system in which a maltreated childs removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs
kinship care
form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a gradparent, becomes the approved caregiver.
adoption
a legal proceeding in which an adult or cuple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being that child parent
preoperational intelligence
piaget’d team for cognitive development between the ages of 2-6; it includes language and imagination (which invlove symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage
symoblic thought
a major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symboliclly, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case, for instance, a country).
centration
piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal persepctive
egocentrism
piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal persepective
focus on appearence
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
static reasoning
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. whatever is now has always been and always will be
irreversibility
a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. a thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred
conservation
the principle that amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) even when its appearance changes
animism
the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive
guided participation
process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
vygotsky’s term for the skills– cognitive as well as physical– that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helphing the learner master the next task in a given learning process
overimitation
when a person imitates and action that is not a relevent pert of the behavior to be learned. overimitation is common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient
private speech
internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or outloud)
social mediation
human interation that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another
theory-theory
idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
theory of mind
a person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. in order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. that realization sweldom occurs before age 4
fast mapping
speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories accordinging to their perceived meaning
over regulation
application of rules of grammar even when expectations occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is
balanced bilingual
a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other
montessori schools
schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of maria montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do
reggio emilia
a program of early childhood education that originated in the town of reggio emilia, italy, and that encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting
head start
federally funded early childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age
emotional regulation
ability to control ehwn and how emotions are expressed
initiative vs guilt
erikson’s 3rd psychosocial crisis , in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succed at them
self concept
a person’s understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits
intrinsic motivation
a drive or reason to purrsue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent
extrinsic motivation
a drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material posessions or another person’s esteem
imaginary friends
make believe friends who exists only in a childs imagination; common from ages 3 through 7 they combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation
psychopathology
an illness or disorder of the mind
externalizing problems
difficulty with emotional regulation that invoves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts as by lashing out at other people or braking things
internalizing problems
difficulty w/ emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless
rough and tumble play
play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting but in which there is no intent to harm
sociodramatic play
pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
authoritatrian parenting
approch to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct and little communication
permissive parenting
approch to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little disipline, guidance, or control (aka indulgent parenting)
authoritative parenting
an approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible
neglectful/ uninvolved parenting
approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives
empathy
ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own
antipathy
feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
prosocial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but are no obvious benefit to oneself
antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
instrumental aggression
behavior that hurts someone else b/c the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a priviledge
reactive aggression
an impuslive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
psychlogical control
disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
sex differences
biological differences between males and females in organs, hormones and body type
gender differences
differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females that are prescribed by the culture
phallic stage
freud’s 3rd stage of development, when the penis becomes the focal point of concern and pleasure
oedipus complex
unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother’s romantic love
superego
psychoanalytic theory, the judgemental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents
electra complex
unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father’s romantic love
identification
attempt to defends one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else
gender schema
a cognitive concept of general belief based on one’s experiences– in this case a child’s understanding of sex differneces
