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Developmental Psych > Chapters 3,4,5,6 > Flashcards

Chapters 3,4,5,6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

A

molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

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2
Q

chromosome

A

46 molecules of DNA (23 pairs); contain all genes

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3
Q

genes

A

the basic units for the transmission of heredity

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4
Q

allele

A

variation that makes a gene different from the other genes for the same characteristics

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5
Q

genome

A

full set of genes that are instructions to make and individual member of a certain species

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6
Q

gamete

A

sperm or ovum that can produce a being if it combines with a gamete from the opposite sex; makes zygote

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7
Q

zygote

A

single cell formed from 2 gametes; sperm & ovum

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8
Q

genotype

A

genetic inheritance

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9
Q

23rd pair

A

determines sex; all other 22 are inherited equally by males & female

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10
Q

stem cells

A

cells from whic any other specialized type of cell can form

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11
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development; identical

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12
Q

dizygotic twinnies

A

formed when 2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 seperate sperm; fraternal

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13
Q

assisted reproductive tech (ART)

A

helps infertile couples concieve and sustain pregnancy

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14
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

fertilization takes place outside a womans body, in a lab dish; if zygote is produced then implate into woman’s uterus and develop into a baby

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15
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics/ physical makeup such as apperance, personality and other traits

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16
Q

polygenic

A

a trait that is influenced by many genes

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17
Q

multifactorial

A

trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape or alter the expression of genes , resulting in a phenotype that may differ from the genotype

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18
Q

epigenetic

A

environmental factors that affect genes and genetic expressions resulting in a phenotype that may differ from the genotype

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19
Q

Human genome project

A

international effort to map the complete human genetic code. effort essentially completed in 2001; though analysis is ongoing

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20
Q

dominant-recessive pattern

A

interation of heterozygous pair of alleles in such away phenotype reflects one allele more than the other

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21
Q

x linked

A

gene carried on the X chromosome; females are more likely to be carriers of x linked traits but are less likely to express them

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22
Q

copy # variations

A

genes with various repeats or deletion of base pairs

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23
Q

heritabillity

A

statistic that indicated what percentage of variation in a particular trait withion a particular population, context and era, can be traced to genes

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24
Q

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

A

condition where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46; they have 3 rather than 2 chromosomes at the 21 site

Language difficulties, unusual appearances, heart abnormalities

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25
Q

fragile x syndrome

A

genetic disorder in which part of the x chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules; the cause is asingle gene that has more that 200 repetitions of one triplet

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26
Q

phenlyketonuria (PKU)

A

genetic disorder in which a chids body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. unless the infant immediately begins a special diet, the resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation and other symptoms

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27
Q

germinal period

A

first 2 weeks pf prenatal development after conception characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation

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28
Q

embryonic period

A

stage of prenatal development from approximately 3rd-8th week after conception; during which all basic forms of all body structures including internal organs develop

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29
Q

fetal period

A

stage of prenatal development from 9th week after concepttion until birth during which the fetus gains about 7 lbs and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own

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30
Q

implantation

A

process begining about 10 days after conception, which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop.

31
Q

embryo

A

name for developing human organism from about the 3rd-8th week after conception

32
Q

age of viability

A

age about 22 weeks after conception at which a fetus might survive outside the mothers uterus

33
Q

apgar scale

A

quick assessment of a new borns health; baby’s color, heart rate reflexes, muscle tone and respiratory; scale of 0,1, or 2 twice, at one minute and another at 5 minutes after birth

34
Q

teratogens

A

agents and conditions including viruses, drugs and chemicals that compare prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

35
Q

behavioral teratogens

A

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, imparing the future childs intellectual and emotional functioning

36
Q

threshold effect

A

in prenatal development when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level in the threshold

37
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

cluster of birth defects that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks acohol while pregnant

38
Q

Low birthweight

A

less than 5 1/2 lbs

39
Q

very low birthrate

A

3lbs 5oz

40
Q

extremely low birthweight

A

2lbs 3oz

41
Q

preterm

A

birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy

42
Q

anoxia

A

lack of oxygen; can cause brain damage

43
Q

couvade

A

experiences by fathers; symptoms of pregnancy

44
Q

head sparing

A

biological mechanism that protects the braun when malnutrition affects body growth; brain is the last part to be damaged by malnutrition

45
Q

percentile

A

0-100 scale; 50th percentile is midpoint

46
Q

protective sleeping

A

crib, basket, cradle, should always sleep on the baby’s back

47
Q

rem sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming; rapid brain waves

48
Q

neurons

A

billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system; especially the brain

49
Q

cortex/ neocortex

A

outer layers of the brain; thinking feeling and sensing

50
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

area of cortex @ front of the brain; specializes in anticipation planning and impulse control

51
Q

axon

A

fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electricalchemical impulses from that neuron to dendrites of other neurons

52
Q

dendrite

A

fiber that extends from a neurin and recieves the electrochemicao impulses thransmitted from other neurons via axons

53
Q

synapse

A

intercection between axon of one neuron & dendrites of other neurons

54
Q

transient exuberance

A

great but temporary increase in # of dendrites that develop in infants brain during first 2 years of life

55
Q

pruning

A

unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

56
Q

experience-expectant brain funtions

A

brain functions that require certain basic common experiences in order to develop normally

57
Q

experience-dependent brain functions

A

that depend on particular variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant

58
Q

self-righting

A

inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over

59
Q

sensation

A

response of sensory syestem; eyes, ears, skin, tongue when it detects a stimulus

60
Q

perception

A

mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation; perception occurs in the cortex

61
Q

binocular vision

A

ability to focus two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image; ability is absent at birth

62
Q

motor skils

A

ability to move some part of the body; large leap to flicker of eyelid

63
Q

gross motor skills

A

physical ability involving large body movements such as walking and jumping

64
Q

fine motor skills

A

physical abilities involving small body movements especially of the hands n fingers; drawing and picking up a coin

65
Q

stunting

A

failure children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

66
Q

wasting

A

tendency for children to be underweight for their age

67
Q

marasmus

A

disease of severe protein calorie malnutrition during early infancy; in which growth stops , body tissues waste away and infant usually dies

68
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency makes child more vulnerable to other diseases such as measles diarrhea and influenza

69
Q

sensorimotor intelligence

A

pigets term for the way infants think by using senses and motor skills during first period of cognitive development

70
Q

primary circular reactions

A

first 3 types of feedback loops sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infants own body; infant senses motion sucking noise and other stimuli and tries to understand them

71
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

second of 3 types; involving ppl and objects; infants respond to other ppl, toys and any other object they can touch or move

72
Q

tertiary circular motions

A

invoving exploration and experiementation; explor new range of activities

73
Q

object permanance

A

realization that an oject still exists when they no longer can be seen touched or heard

74
Q
A

Developmental Psych (5 decks)

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