Chapters 3,4,5,6 Flashcards
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
chromosome
46 molecules of DNA (23 pairs); contain all genes
genes
the basic units for the transmission of heredity
allele
variation that makes a gene different from the other genes for the same characteristics
genome
full set of genes that are instructions to make and individual member of a certain species
gamete
sperm or ovum that can produce a being if it combines with a gamete from the opposite sex; makes zygote
zygote
single cell formed from 2 gametes; sperm & ovum
genotype
genetic inheritance
23rd pair
determines sex; all other 22 are inherited equally by males & female
stem cells
cells from whic any other specialized type of cell can form
monozygotic twins
twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development; identical
dizygotic twinnies
formed when 2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 seperate sperm; fraternal
assisted reproductive tech (ART)
helps infertile couples concieve and sustain pregnancy
in vitro fertilization
fertilization takes place outside a womans body, in a lab dish; if zygote is produced then implate into woman’s uterus and develop into a baby
phenotype
observable characteristics/ physical makeup such as apperance, personality and other traits
polygenic
a trait that is influenced by many genes
multifactorial
trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape or alter the expression of genes , resulting in a phenotype that may differ from the genotype
epigenetic
environmental factors that affect genes and genetic expressions resulting in a phenotype that may differ from the genotype
Human genome project
international effort to map the complete human genetic code. effort essentially completed in 2001; though analysis is ongoing
dominant-recessive pattern
interation of heterozygous pair of alleles in such away phenotype reflects one allele more than the other
x linked
gene carried on the X chromosome; females are more likely to be carriers of x linked traits but are less likely to express them
copy # variations
genes with various repeats or deletion of base pairs
heritabillity
statistic that indicated what percentage of variation in a particular trait withion a particular population, context and era, can be traced to genes
down syndrome (trisomy 21)
condition where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46; they have 3 rather than 2 chromosomes at the 21 site
Language difficulties, unusual appearances, heart abnormalities
fragile x syndrome
genetic disorder in which part of the x chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules; the cause is asingle gene that has more that 200 repetitions of one triplet
phenlyketonuria (PKU)
genetic disorder in which a chids body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. unless the infant immediately begins a special diet, the resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation and other symptoms
germinal period
first 2 weeks pf prenatal development after conception characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation
embryonic period
stage of prenatal development from approximately 3rd-8th week after conception; during which all basic forms of all body structures including internal organs develop
fetal period
stage of prenatal development from 9th week after concepttion until birth during which the fetus gains about 7 lbs and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own
implantation
process begining about 10 days after conception, which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop.
embryo
name for developing human organism from about the 3rd-8th week after conception
age of viability
age about 22 weeks after conception at which a fetus might survive outside the mothers uterus
apgar scale
quick assessment of a new borns health; baby’s color, heart rate reflexes, muscle tone and respiratory; scale of 0,1, or 2 twice, at one minute and another at 5 minutes after birth
teratogens
agents and conditions including viruses, drugs and chemicals that compare prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
behavioral teratogens
agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, imparing the future childs intellectual and emotional functioning
threshold effect
in prenatal development when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level in the threshold
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
cluster of birth defects that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks acohol while pregnant
Low birthweight
less than 5 1/2 lbs
very low birthrate
3lbs 5oz
extremely low birthweight
2lbs 3oz
preterm
birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy
anoxia
lack of oxygen; can cause brain damage
couvade
experiences by fathers; symptoms of pregnancy
head sparing
biological mechanism that protects the braun when malnutrition affects body growth; brain is the last part to be damaged by malnutrition
percentile
0-100 scale; 50th percentile is midpoint
protective sleeping
crib, basket, cradle, should always sleep on the baby’s back
rem sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming; rapid brain waves
neurons
billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system; especially the brain
cortex/ neocortex
outer layers of the brain; thinking feeling and sensing
prefrontal cortex
area of cortex @ front of the brain; specializes in anticipation planning and impulse control
axon
fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electricalchemical impulses from that neuron to dendrites of other neurons
dendrite
fiber that extends from a neurin and recieves the electrochemicao impulses thransmitted from other neurons via axons
synapse
intercection between axon of one neuron & dendrites of other neurons
transient exuberance
great but temporary increase in # of dendrites that develop in infants brain during first 2 years of life
pruning
unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
experience-expectant brain funtions
brain functions that require certain basic common experiences in order to develop normally
experience-dependent brain functions
that depend on particular variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
self-righting
inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over
sensation
response of sensory syestem; eyes, ears, skin, tongue when it detects a stimulus
perception
mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation; perception occurs in the cortex
binocular vision
ability to focus two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image; ability is absent at birth
motor skils
ability to move some part of the body; large leap to flicker of eyelid
gross motor skills
physical ability involving large body movements such as walking and jumping
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements especially of the hands n fingers; drawing and picking up a coin
stunting
failure children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
wasting
tendency for children to be underweight for their age
marasmus
disease of severe protein calorie malnutrition during early infancy; in which growth stops , body tissues waste away and infant usually dies
kwashiorkor
protein deficiency makes child more vulnerable to other diseases such as measles diarrhea and influenza
sensorimotor intelligence
pigets term for the way infants think by using senses and motor skills during first period of cognitive development
primary circular reactions
first 3 types of feedback loops sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infants own body; infant senses motion sucking noise and other stimuli and tries to understand them
secondary circular reactions
second of 3 types; involving ppl and objects; infants respond to other ppl, toys and any other object they can touch or move
tertiary circular motions
invoving exploration and experiementation; explor new range of activities
object permanance
realization that an oject still exists when they no longer can be seen touched or heard
