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Biology 110 > Chapters 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large and complex molecules

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3
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule made of many monomers

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The building blocks for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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5
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

Creates bonds and water is a byproduct

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6
Q

What is a hydration reaction?

A

Bonds are broken and water is used for the reaction

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7
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Bonds are broken and water is used for the reaction

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and the polymers of sugars

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9
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

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10
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A dehydration reaction joins two mono-saccharides

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12
Q

What does a glycosidic linkage do?

A

It attaches monomers together

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13
Q

What is a polysaccharide, and what is its role?

A

The polymers of sugars. They have storage and structure roles

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14
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A storage polysaccharide

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15
Q

Do plants or animals have glycogen?

A

Animals

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16
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide for the exoskeleton of anthropods

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17
Q

What is a lipid?

A

The one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

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18
Q

What is an esther linkage?

A

The structure and combines lipid structures

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19
Q

What is a fat?

A

A type of lipid constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

What do glycerol and fatty acids form?

A

Fats

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21
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated is easier to layer and be a solid at room temperature because it does not have a kink

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22
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

A fat with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible with no double bonds

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23
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A fat with one or more double bods to create a kink

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24
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

Energy storage

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25
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

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26
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A lipid that has a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

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27
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A steroid and a precursor for other steroids to by created

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28
Q

What is a polypeptide made of?

A

String of amino acids

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29
Q

What is a protein made of?

A

One or more polypeptides

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30
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

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31
Q

What makes amino acids different from each other?

A

Side chains called R groups

32
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The covalent bonds that link amino acids

33
Q

A protein’s ___ determines how it works.

A

Structure

34
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary structure: unique sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure: coils and folds in polypeptide chain

Tertiary structure: interactions among various side chains (R groups)

Quaternary structure: a protein has multiple polypeptide chains

35
Q

What causes coils and folds in protein structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

36
Q

What are strong covalent bonds called in protein structure?

A

Dissulfide bridge

37
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A

A single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

38
Q

What can affect protein structure?

A

Primary structure, physical conditions, and chemical conditions

39
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The loss of a protein’s native structure

40
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Nucleic acid

41
Q

What is nucleic acid made of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

42
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

43
Q

What are the two components of nucleic acids?

A

A sugar-phosphate background and a nitrogenous bases bonded to sugar

44
Q

What does adenosine (A) pair with?

A

Thymine (T)

45
Q

What goes guanine (G) pair with?

A

Cytosine (C)

46
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded, and RNA replaces T with uracil (U)

47
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

A

Magnification is the ratio of size to real size, and resolution is how clear the images are

48
Q

What is cell fractination?

A

Break apart cells and seperate cellular parts in centrifuge

49
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes are:
- small
- no membrane-bound organelles
-DNA is in cytoplasm

Eukaryotes are:
-large
- has organelles in membrances
-DNA in membrane-bound nucleus

50
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Genetic system of DNA and ribosome for gene expression, and bound by a plasma membrance

51
Q

What does it mean when the phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable?

A

Certain things can cross it

52
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything between plasma membrance and the nucleus

53
Q

Who breaks down sugars for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

54
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nucleur envelope

55
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the DNA and protein complex that is loosely coiled except when dividing

56
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

uses genetic information to synthesize proteins (DNA to RNA to proteins)

57
Q

What happens inside the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes are synthesized

58
Q

What is cytosol?

A

An aqueous solution surrounding membrance-bound organelles

59
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Photosynthesis

60
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Internal membrance system connected physically

61
Q

What are the parts of the endomembrane system?

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  2. Golgi apparatus
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Vacuoles
62
Q

What does the Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Synthesis and metabolism

63
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Packaging and redistribution (the post office) of what the ER sends it

64
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

breaking macromolecules into smallest components

65
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Storage, protection, and pigment in plants

66
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Creates membrane, metabolize carbs, stores calcium, and makes steroids

67
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Creates membrane and excretes protein

68
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

lysosomes that engulf smaller organisms/particles to break them down

69
Q

What are autophagy?

A

Lysosomes that fuse with the cell’s material to break it down

70
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibers extending through cytoplasm to organize cellular structures and activities. It allows cells to move, change shape, and transport organelles

71
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microtubules (largest)
  2. Intermediate filaments (middle)
  3. Microfilaments (smallest)
72
Q

What do microtubules form?

A

Cilia and flagella the slide past each other to create bending

73
Q

What do motor proteins do?

A

Transport organelles along cytoskeleton scaffolding

74
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Create tension for muscle movement or cytoplasmic streaming

75
Q

What is the cell junction?

A

How adjacent cells connected into tissues

76
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Channels that connect plant cells for communication

Biology 110 (5 decks)

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