Chapters 14, 15, 16

Question 1

What happens when a blue parent and yellow parent have a kid according to blending hypothesis?

Answer 1

They have a green kid (mixing)

Question 2

What happens if a blue parent and yellow parent have a kid according to particulate hypothesis?

Answer 2

The kid will be blue or yellow (one or the other)

Question 3

What did Gregor Mendel discover?

Answer 3

Basic principles of heredity

Question 4

What is a character?

Answer 4

A heritable feature (hair color)

Question 5

What is a trait, and how do traits relate to characters?

Answer 5

A variant (type) for a character (blonde is a trait for the character of hair color)

Question 6

What is hybridization?

Answer 6

Mating 2 contrasting true-breeding varities

Question 7

What is a allele?

Answer 7

The alternate versions of a gene (Dd vs DD vs dd are all different alleles)

Question 8

What is the difference between the dominant and recessive allele?

Answer 8

The dominant determines appearance and the recessive does not

Question 9

What is the law of segregation?

Answer 9

2 alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (When a Pp parent makes sperm cells, half of sperms have P and half have p)

Question 10

What is a homozygote?

Answer 10

An organism with 2 identical alleles for a character (PP or pp)

Question 11

What is a heterozygote?

Answer 11

An organism with 2 different alleles for a character (Pp)

Question 12

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Answer 12

Phenotype is the physical appearance. Genotype is the genetic makeup

Question 13

What is a monohybrid?

Answer 13

A heterozygous “hybrid” offpring

Question 14

What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 14

The cross between 2 heterozygotes

Question 15

What are dihybrids?

Answer 15

heterozygous for 2 alleles (created by 2 true-breeding parents)

Question 16

What is a dihybrid corss?

Answer 16

The cross between 2 heterozygotes to see the probability of 2 characters transmitted together

Question 17

What is law of independent assortment?

Answer 17

Each pair of alleles (PP, Pp, etc) segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation (PP and DD will not stick together, it is all chance)

Question 18

What are the 3 degrees of dominance, and the differences between them?

Answer 18

Complete dominance: red or white kid
Incomplete dominance: pink kid
Codominance: red and white splotches in kid

Question 19

What is epistasis?

Answer 19

One gene can affect another despite them being at different locuses

ie. 1 gene determines pigment color and other gene determines whether pigment will be deposited

Question 20

Where are sex-linked genes?

Answer 20

On either sex chromosome

Question 21

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 21

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

Question 22

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 22

Fertilization of gametes where nondisjunction occurred

Question 23

What does is mean when a zygote is monosomic or trisomic?

Answer 23

Monosomic: 1 copy of a particular chromosome
Trisomic: 3 copies of a particular chromosome

Question 24

What is chromatin?

Answer 24

The complex created when DNA is combined with proteins

Question 25

What are histones?

Answer 25

The proteins that DNA wrap around

Question 26

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 26

2-4 histones together with DNA

Question 27

What is DNA replication?

Answer 27

DNA is copied and cells can repair their DNA

Question 28

What is the semiconservative model of replication?

Answer 28

Predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and a newly made strand

Question 29

What are origins of replication?

Answer 29

The particular site where replication begins

Question 30

What is helicase?

Answer 30

The protein that unzips DNA

Question 31

What is DNA polymerase?

Answer 31

The enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of daughter DNA cells