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Epidemiology > Chapters 4-6 > Flashcards

Chapters 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Epi

A

istribution is key, person, place and time

Example of descriptive epi statement- 40% women @stonehill smoke

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2
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

use routinely collected data, can define high-risk groups, can be used to generate to hypothesis
ALWAYS BE COMPARED TO WHAT

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3
Q

Ratio

A

comparing 2 numbers; ex boys/ girls+ x/y

TWO DIFFERENT THINGS

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4
Q

Proportion

A

How many are there in te entire population; ex boys/ B+G = (x/x+y) X 100
difference is that x is contained in y

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5
Q

Incidence rate

A

MEASURES RISK; NEW CASES/ POP-NEW CASES tiMES PER NUMBER

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6
Q

Prevalance

A

numerator all cases/ population TIMES per whatever number

MEASURES BURDEN OF THE DISEASE

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7
Q

Ecological Epi

A

dealing with populations; individual variables are age, blood pressure, family income, smoking status

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8
Q

Ecologic Varibale

A

properties of groups, places or organizations

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9
Q

R= Correlation

A 
-1= negative cor
0= No cor
1= positive cor
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10
Q

Attack Rate

A

NEW CASES IN TIME PERIOD/ POPULATIONS AT RISK AT THE BEGINNING OF TIME PERIOD
IS THE INIDENCY RATE IN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME

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11
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Died/ pop HOW MANY DIE PER HOW MANY ARE BORN

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12
Q

Ecologic Studies

A

are fast, cheap

BE CAREFUL HOW YOU INTERPRET DATA

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13
Q

Crude Rate

A

is calculated without any restrictions such as age and gender; but if epidemiologist is trying to compare two subgroups then age or gender adjustment is used

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14
Q

Age adjusted mortality rate

A

is the crude rate TIMES standard pop for that age
is used to clarify your crude rate or understand it better
standard pop is used with both rates (compairing)

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15
Q

YPLL

A

shows how bad

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16
Q

Ecological Studies (benefits, strengths and weaknesses

A

Info is not specific to individuals; used to measure the burden of the risk factors compared to the rate of an outcome of the disease;
are quick, can evaluate programs or policies,
exposures and disease or injury outcomes are not measured on the same individuals

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17
Q

Case study

A

snapshot description of a problems or situation for an individual or group
Is in depth, identifies potential areas of research, provide clues to indentfy a new disease and its exposures

18
Q

cross sectional study

A

all varibales are measured at a point in time
are quick, control pop and measurements, produces prevalence
no incidence or elative risk, cant give the time period from exposure to disease development;
are usuful for examinging associations among health related states and personal characteristics (age gender,etc)

19
Q

Case series

A

small group of patients with a similar diagnosis

20
Q

serial survey

A

is a cross-sectional survey that is routinely conducted

21
Q

Relative frequency

A

dividing the number of people in each group by the total number of people

22
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

complete summary of the number of times each value appears;

23
Q

Nominal data

A

unordered catagories or classes (cant be put into a order)

ex race, gender, marital status, occupation

24
Q

Ordinal data

A

the order among categories provides additional information

ex stage or grade of a cancer

25
Q

Discrete data

A

Integers that differ by fixed amounts
ex is number of new cases of lung cancer reported in the us in a given year, number of children, number of sick days taken in a monty, ect.

26
Q

Continuous data

A

measurable quantities not restricted to taking on integer values
ex weight, age, temperature

27
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

denoted by r, measures the strength of a association between 2 variables

28
Q

Coefficient

A

denoted by r^2; is the proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that determined by the independent variable

29
Q

Longtiudinal Data

A

the same sample of respondents being observed over time; avoids confounding (hidden variable) probelsm of ecologic studies

30
Q

cohort effect

A

change in the rate of condition according to birth year

31
Q

period effect

A

change in the rate of a condition affecting an entire population at a given point in time

32
Q

secular trend

A

is the general systematic linear or nonlinear component that changes over time; shows long term change in health-related states or events; longer than a year

33
Q

Short term trend (fluctuation

A

reflects a brief, unexpected increase in a health-related state or event

34
Q

Health indicator

A

marker of health status designed to enable the monitoring of health, service performance and program goals; several indicators are usually used

35
Q

Birth Rate

A

ratio of total live beirhts to total pop in a area or time period
number of live births during a specified time period / pop from which the births occurred X1000

36
Q

Fertility rate

A

the number of live births per 1000 females of childbearing age
births during time period/ population fo women 15-49

37
Q

Total fertility rate

A

average number of births per women

38
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A

mortality rate of two examples; then divid the first one by the second to get the crude rate!

39
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

used as a indicator of health in a country

number of deaths among infants 0-1 during a time period/ number of live births in the same time period X 1000

40
Q

Years of potential Lfie Lost (YPLL)

A

measure of the relative impact of health related states on a population; loss of expected years of life because of premature death in pop due to a disease

41
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

death of a women that is pregnant or within 42 of giving birth; influenced by socioeconomical conditions

42
Q

dependency ratio

A

those who are old enough to work compaired to those who do not work

Epidemiology (6 decks)

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