Chapter 8: Experimental Studies

Question 1

Biological Plausibility

Answer 1

Experiments in controlled laboratory environments

Question 2

Triple Blinding Study

Answer 2

treatment, research approach and analysis are kept secret from researchers and participants

Question 3

Phase I Trials

Answer 3

unblinded, uncontrolled study (less than 30 patients) that aims to determine the safety of a test in humans. Stage for testing new therapies (Selecting the intervention)

Question 4

Phase II Trials

Answer 4

relatively small, randomized blinded trials that test tolerability, safe dosage and side effects. Good evidence about treatment will push it on to phaseIII. (Selecting the Intervention)

Question 5

Phase III Trials

Answer 5

much larger and invoves thousands of patients

Question 6

Phase IV Trials

Answer 6

Large studies conducted after the therapy has been approved by FDA to assess the rate of serious side effects and explore further uses of therapy. Involve random assignment and evaluate the efficacy of a new treatment (Selecting the Intervention)

Question 7

Experimental Evidence

Answer 7

The randomized, double blind experimental study design that is used for establishing cause and effect relationships

Question 8

Natural Experiment

Answer 8

unplanned type of experimental study where the levels of exposure to a presumed cause differ among a population in a way that is relatively unaffected by extraneous factors so it resembles a planned experiment

Question 9

Maternal Mortality Rate

Answer 9

Number of live births per number of births

Question 10

Within Group Design

Answer 10

IS EXPERMIENTAL STUDY DESIGN; outcome in a goup after the assigned intervention

Question 11

Double Blinded Study

Answer 11

neither the participants nor the investigators know who is receiving the active treatment

Question 12

SIngle blinded study

Answer 12

participants are blinded but investigators are aware of who is revieving the active treatment

Question 13

INstrament Bias

Answer 13

when there is a error due to a instrametn or tool used to measure something

Question 14

Between group design

Answer 14

outcomes are compaired between two groups that had different level of intervention

Question 15

Group Randomization

Answer 15

instead of individuals being randomly assigned the intervention, groups or naturally forming clusters are randomly assigned the intervention

Question 16

Primary Prevention

Answer 16

Attempting to stop a disease before it starts or before people get infected

Question 17

Prophylactic Trial

Answer 17

used to evaluate preventive measures

Question 18

clinical trial

Answer 18

used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new drug or procedure

Question 19

Therapeutic Trial

Answer 19

used to assess new treatment methods

Question 20

Run-In Design

Answer 20

all participants in the cohort are placed on a placebo and followed for some time period

Question 21

Experimental Study

Answer 21

participant is manipulated to see the effect of the intervention