Chapter 6-9

Question 1

Case Control Study

Answer 1

Outcome is always identified prior to the exposure; Group people as cases(people experiencing health-related event) and controls. INvestigate whether cases are more or less likely than controls to have had past exposures

Question 2

Odds Ratio

Answer 2

Measure used in Case control studies to measure the strength of the association being studied; Is a 2 X 2 table, a and b are the exposed and c and d are not exposed; If equals 1 then there is no association, above 1 positive asso, less than 1 then negative association

Question 3

Selection bias

Answer 3

bias of the selection of case and controls in a case control study; is avoided by recruiting all cases in a population

Question 4

Confounding

Answer 4

Something that has not been measured that messes up your study or theory

Question 5

Rate Ratio

Answer 5

a(exposed)/ Time of a / c (unexposed time of c

Question 6

Attributed Risk

Answer 6

when there is a mistake between an exposure and outcome; measured by the difference in attack rates

Question 7

Validity

Answer 7

results are real and are matched in reality; dart board example- constantly around the center of the dart board but are all over

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

always get the same results but not applicable to reality all the time; dart board example- all grouped together in one stop, might not be in the middle of the board though

Question 9

Between Group Design

Answer 9

outcomes are comparted between 2 or more groups of people receiving different levels of intervention

Question 10

Within Group Design

Answer 10

outcome in a single group is compared before and after the assigned intervention

Question 11

Clinical Trial

Answer 11

evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new drug or new medical procedure;

Question 12

Prophylactic Trial

Answer 12

evaluates the preventative measures

Question 13

Therapeutic Trial

Answer 13

Asses new treatment methods

Question 14

Community Trials

Answer 14

Test a group intervention designed for the purpose of educational and behavioral changes at the population level

Question 15

How do you avoid confounding factors in studies

Answer 15

randomization of large groups, produces groups that are alike on average

Question 16

Selecting Intervention

Answer 16

Steps to creating a therapy that is safe and active against the disease; Four Phases

Question 17

Phase 1 Trial in selecting intervention

Answer 17

unblended and uncontrolled and determines safety of the test in humans; usually less than 30 patients; patients have often tried other options or the disease has advanced

Question 18

Phase 2 Trial

Answer 18

Randomized and blinded test side affects, safe dosages and how body copes with drug; usually 50 people; if shows treatment in good then it will move on to phase 3

Question 19

Phase 3

Answer 19

involves thousands of patients,

Question 20

Phase 4

Answer 20

Large studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of new treatment

Question 21

Pilot Study

Answer 21

like pilot tv show; approach that involves analysis that can improve the chance of funding for major studies/ improve likelihood that the study will be successfully conducted

Question 22

Matching

Answer 22

procedure that aims to make study and comparision groups similar with confounding factors; one of each pair to each group

Question 23

Factorial Design

Answer 23

two or more series of treatments are tried in all combinations; address the efficacy of two interventions in a single cohort of participants

Question 24

Run- In Design

Answer 24

everyone are placed on a placebo and followed for some time; useful for minimizing bias associated with loss to follow up

Question 25

Cohort Study

Answer 25

Compare people that are exposed with people who are not exposed (naturally)
OR a/ (a+b)/ c/(c+d); People are followed over time to describe the incidence or natural history of a condition; requires large samples

Question 26

Hypothesis Testing (6 Steps)

Answer 26

1. Null Hypothesis
2. Alternative Hypothesis
3. Select the level of significance for statistical test and the sample size; usually .05
4. Select appropriate tst statistic and identify the degrees of freedom
5. Collect the data and estimate measure of association and the test statistic
6. Reject null if measure exceeds the critical value; if not then don’t reject

Question 27

Significance level

Answer 27

boundary that cuts off the change and effect

Jury example, 90% percent of blacks we guilty

Question 28

COnfidence Interval

Answer 28

if includes 1 then the result is not significant