chapters 4-6 Flashcards
impression formation
Process in which we integrate information about another person in order to come to an overall judgement of the person
Implicit personality theory
we make assumptions about which traits go together (all good traits go together, all bad traits go together)
- halo effect, what is beautiful is good
Positivity bias
we tend to view others favorably
negativity bias
if we learn one negative thing, then we weigh this trait more heavily than positive traits
attributions
people’s ideas about what causes things to occur and why things happen as they do
correspondent interference theory
people tend to make inferences about people’s table dispositions when the behaviors can in-fact be explained by the situation
ex- can be the tendency to infer that the personalities of actors and actresses correspond to the roles they play.
jones & harris (Pro/Anti - castro) - FAE
participants were asked to guess the students attitudes towards Castro
- Participants concluded that if the authors choose to write a pro/anti Castro essay than that mean their liking towards him aligned with their stance
- participants also concluded though if the authors with assigned to write a pro/anti Castro essay then the results looked a lot as if they were chosen. when they should look like 50/50.
(FAE)
Fundamental attribution error
when we explain other peoples behavior, we assume that the cause is dispositional & we ten not to consider situational causes.
social cognition
the psychological processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group
consistency seekers
people are motivated to resolve inconsistencies in their thoughts and behaviors.
cognitive dissonance
refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
cognitive-misers
someone who seeks out quick, adequate solutions to problems rather than slow, careful ones
motivated-tacticians
someone who alternates between sloppy thinking and more careful analytical thinking depending on his level of motivation
schemas
a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
person schema
expectations for specific individuals
self-schema
categories of knowledge that reflect how we expect ourselves to think, feel, and act in particular settings or situations
script
sequence of events that usually take place during specific situations
social categorization
the process by which people categorize themselves and others into differentiated groups
gender schema
mental structures that organize incoming information according to gender categories and in turn lead people to perceive the world in terms of gender
priming
occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus
- seeing fast food commercials makes you want fast food
hindsight bias
the tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were
counterfactual thinking
mental representations of alternatives to past events, actions, or states
counterfactual thinking
mental representations of alternatives to past events, actions, or states
ex. "ugh if only i wasnt texting i wouldnt have got into a car crash"
person perception
the mental process that we use to form impressions of other people.
social role theory
considers most of everyday activity to be the acting-out of socially defined categories
- men hold jobs, women stay at home
central traits
make up our personality
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values
covariation model
theory that people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way
ex: "they got into a crash becuase they were drinking, texting, careless etc.."
actor-observer effect
people explain their own behavior with situational causes and other people’s behavior with internal cause
what are attitudes
Positive or negative evaluations of objects, situations, people, groups, ideas etc.
implicit/explicit attitudes
Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report.
implicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the unconscious level, are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us.
dual-process models of attribution
proposes that when we perceive someone, stereotypes pertaining to them are activated automatically
self-perception theory (Wells and petty)
Participants asked to test the quality of headphones while listening to a taped editorial.
- while nodding
- while shaking head
- asked to rate the editorial
- head nod -> positive attitude
- head shake-> negative attitude
dual attitudes
the simultaneous possession of contradic-tory implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object is know
- seeing candy shop makes you happy even if you are stuck in traffic
reference group
a group to which an individual or another group is compared
cognitive dissonance (festinger & Carlsmith)
- Participants did boring task for 1 hour
- Participants asked to tell the next participant that the talk was actually enjoyable
- i.e lie - either paid 20$ to lie or 1$ to lie
- then all participants were asked if they though the task was enjoyable
- those who didnt lie: didnt enjoy
- those who got paid 20$: didnt enjoy
- those who got paid 1$ said enjoyed alot!
conclusion: they had to convince themselves they actually liked it because they would have been lying only for 1$
mere exposure effect
brief unreinforced exposure to a stimulus results in the information of a positive attitude about the stimulus on a later occasion
facial feedback effect
one’s facial expression directly affects their emotional experience.
theory of planned behavior
assumes that individuals act rationally, according to their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
sleeper effect
a delayed increase in the effect of a message that is accompanied by a negative connotation or lack of credibility
ex: a politician utilizing negative advertising against an opponent
wilson & zajonc
results: participants like previously seen items better than new items (the mere exposure effect) but were unable to recognize old items. why (fluency attribution model)
two-sided messages
A message that that presents the arguments in favor of a proposition but also considers the opposing arguments
ingroup
a group to whom you, as a person, belong, and anyone else who is perceived as belonging to that group
outgroup
consists of anyone who does not belong to your group
illusory correlation
when we see an association between two variables when they aren’t actually associated
fluency attribution model
participants attribute the fluency they feel in processing the previously seen item to “like” the item
subtyping
the process by which group members who disconfirm the stereotype are clustered together to form a subgroup
explicit prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience, but within an individual’s conscious awareness
persuasion
a active attempt to change a persons mind
implicit prejudice
automatically activated unconscious counterparts of self-reported explicit attitudes
stereotype content model (SCM)
preditc these two basic dimensions perceived warmth (trustworthiness, friendliness) and competence (capability, assertiveness).
Elaboration Likelihood Model
ELM considers the likelihood of high or low effort processes occurring during persuasion
ELM: low elaberation/peripheral route
Low effort processes
- rules of thumb
- heuristics
- attractiveness
-credibility
- changeable
- change does not last long
ELM: high elaboration/Central Route
high effort processes
- reasoned response
- careful scrutiny
- strength of arguments
- resistant to change
change lasts longer
