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BIOL150 > Chapters 4&5 > Flashcards

Chapters 4&5 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast the general features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and have a simple structure
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (YOU have a brain/nucleus) and have an intense organized structure

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2
Q

Describe the 3 types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskelaton

A

microtubules, intermediate, actin

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3
Q

Rough vs. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough: studded with ribosomes on the outer surface making it look “bumpy” or rough; assists in sorting proteins
Smooth: lacks ribosomes and functions in divers metabolic processes

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4
Q

Identify the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Both of these organelles are considered semiautonomous bc they grow and divide but depend on other parts of the cells for their internal components.
Mitochondria: supplies most of the cells ATP; has outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane encloses the mitochondrial matrix which encloses the cristae
Chloroplasts: captures light energy and uses some to synthesize organic molecules like glucose [photosynthesis]; has outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid lumen, and the stroma (enclosed by inner membrane but outside thylakoid membrane)

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5
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic relationship that gave rise to eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Co-translational vs post-translational

A

cotranslational sorting: first step in the sorting process begins while translation is occurring
post-translational sorting: occurs after the translation is finished

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7
Q

List three important functions of the plasma membrane

A

Membrane transport: movement of ions or molecules across a biological membrane
Cell Signaling: cells sense change in their environment and communicate with each other
Cell adhesion: allows cells to bind to each other

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8
Q

Discuss the fluid-mosaic model of the membrane structure

A

dynamic (change in appearance
The accepted model of a biological membrane
its basic framework is the semifluid phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of proteins
Carbohydrates may be attached to the lipids or proteins

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9
Q

Predict how changes in lipid composition affect membrane fluidity

A

The biochemical properties of phospholipids affect the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
Longer the tail, less fluid
unsaturated, more fluid

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10
Q

Compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport and active transport

A

Simple: moves across gradient (high to low) by passing DIRECTLY through the bilayer
Facilitated: a transport protein provides a passageway for a substance to cross a membrane from high to low gradient
Active: moves AGAINST the concentration gradient, which requires ATP

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11
Q

Describe the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure

A

Osmosis: movement of water across a membrane to balance solute
Hypotonic: swells the cells b/c water comes rushin in
hypertonic: running so fast = skinny legend/ cells shrink b/c water exits the cell

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12
Q

Identify three different types of membrane proteins

A

transmembrane proteins: have one or more regions physically embedded in the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer
Lipid-Anchored proteins: has a lipid molecule covalently attached to an amino acid side chain within the protein
Peripheral membrane proteins: associates with membranes in a third way = do not interact with the hydrophobic interior but rather are noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane; typically attached to the membrane by hydrogen and/or ionic bonds

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13
Q

Explain the difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary: involves the functioning of a pump [transporter that directly uses energy to transport a solute against the concentration gradient]
Secondary: process in which a pre-existing gradient drives the active transport of another solute

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14
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organism are made of cells
  2. Cells cannot be broken down bc they are the smallest units of life
  3. New cells can only come from pre-existing cells by cell division
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14
Q

Amphipathic

A

have both polar and nonpolar regions

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15
Q

Bilayer

A

lipid bilayer is a biological membrane consisting of two layers of lipid molecules [phospholipids]

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16
Q

Liposomes

A

a vesicle surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

Affects fluidity; stabilizes membranes; higher temps, less fluid
lower temps, more fluid

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18
Q

Transporters

A

A transmembrane protein that binds a solute and undergoes a conformational change to allow the movement of the solute across a membrane aka carrier

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19
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

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20
Q

Integral Membrane proteins

A

Lipid-Anchored proteins: has a lipid molecule covalently attached to an amino acid side chain within the protein

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21
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Peripheral membrane proteins: associates with membranes in a third way = do not interact with the hydrophobic interior but rather are noncovalently bound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane; typically attached to the membrane by hydrogen and/or ionic bonds

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22
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

transmembrane proteins: have one or more regions physically embedded in the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

dynamic (change in appearance
The accepted model of a biological membrane
its basic framework is the semifluid phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of proteins
Carbohydrates may be attached to the lipids or proteins

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24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

part of the endomembrane system

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25
Q

Cell wall

A

A relatively rigid, porous structure located outside the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells and cells in plants, fungi, and certain protists; provides support and protection

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26
Q

Selectively permeable

A

allows only certain substances in and out

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27
Q

Diffusion

A

moving down/across the gradient without ATP

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28
Q

Channel

A

very selective and span the membrane, making hydrophilic tunnels across (allowing the target molecules to pass through by diffusion)

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29
Q

Carrier

A

membrane proteins that complement the structural features of the molecules transported

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30
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a membrane to balance solute concentrations

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31
Q

Active Transport

A

moves against the gradient with the help of ATP

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32
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Needs a pump to be able to go up the gradient rather than using a pre-existing method of ATP

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33
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

dual gradient across a membrane, having both electrical and chemical components; determines the direction in which ions will move

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34
Q

Secondary active transport

A

pre-existing gradient drives the active transport of another solute

35
Q

Vacuole

A

a space between within the cell that’s empty of cytoplasm, lined with a membrane, and filled with fluid (functions to hold various solutions or materials)

36
Q

Nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cells have this; command center that regulates the activities of the cell

37
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A cell lacking a nucleus and cell compartmentalization; Bacteria and Archaea

38
Q

Eukaryote

A

[member of the domain: eukarya] has nucleus and extensive compartmentalization; fungi, plants, and animals

39
Q

Nucleoid

A

A site in a bacterial cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located

40
Q

Organelle

A

A subcellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function

41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

42
Q

Cytoplasm

A

region of the cell that’s contained within the plasma membrane

43
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces energy = sugars that can be broken down for energy
regulates the metabolic activity of the cell

44
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The biological membrane that separates the internal contents of a cell from its external environment

45
Q

Cytoskeleton
three types of protein filaments

A

in eukaryotes
a network within the cytosol consisting of 3 different types of protein filaments: microtubules, intermediate, and actin

46
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A convoluted network of membranes in a cell’s cytoplasm that forms flattened, fluid-filled tubules, or cisternae

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

A small organelle found in animal cells that contains acid hydrolases that degrade molecules and macromolecules

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound compartments that performs three overlapping functions: secretion, processing, and protein sorting

49
Q

Peroxisomes

A

A relatively small organelle that is found in all eukaryotic cells and that catalyzes detoxifying reactions

50
Q

Cytosol

A

central coordinating region for metabolic activities

51
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

canals that pass through plant cell walls and allows direct communication of molecules between adjacent plant cells

52
Q

Vacuoles

A

organelle in cells that functions to hold various solutions or materials

53
Q

Vesicles

A

help move materials

54
Q

Endomembrane system and why it’s important

A

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
it allows different elements of the eukaryotic cell to be compartmentalized

55
Q

Exocytosis vs Endocytosis

A
56
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus

57
Q

Nuclear pores

A

a passageway for the movement of molecules and macromolecules into and out of the nucleus; formed where the inner and outer nuclear membranes make contact with each other

58
Q

Ribosomes

A

a structure composed of proteins and rRNA that’s the site where translation of mRNAs and synthesis of polypeptides occurs

59
Q

Lumen

A

internal space or hollow cavity of an organelle or an organ (endoplasmic reticulum, the stomach, or a blood vessel)

60
Q

Rough vs. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough has ribosomes and plays a key role in the initial synthesis and sorting of proteins that are destined for other areas/outside of the cell
Smooth doesn’t have ribosomes and functions in diverse metabolic processes

61
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

directs, processes, sorts, and secretes cellular molecules

62
Q

Lysosomes

A

subcellular organelles found in nearly all types of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms

63
Q

Protein sorting

A
64
Q

Signal Sequences

A

a sorting signal in a polypeptide that is recognized by SRP, which allows the polypeptide to be directed to the ER membrane

65
Q

SRP - Signal-recognition part

A

recognizes signal sequences and allows them to pass to the ER membrane

66
Q

Like cell membranes, many fats and oils are made up in part of fatty acids. Most animal fats (like butter) are solid at room temperature, whereas plant fats (like canola oil) tend to be liquid. Can you predict which types of fat contain saturated fatty acids, and which type contain unsaturated fatty acids?

A

solid at room temp is saturated
liquid at room temp is unsaturated

67
Q

What are two ways proteins associate with membranes?

A

transmembrane proteins
lipid-anchored protein
Peripheral membrane proteins

68
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

active need energy = going against the gradient

69
Q

What are the names and functions of the major organelles of the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells?

A

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane

70
Q

How does a protein end up free in the cytosol, embedded in the plasma membrane, or secreted from the cell?

A

signal-reception particle

71
Q

Are mitochondria present in animal cells, plant cells or both?

A

both

72
Q

Describe the factors that affect the fluidity of membranes

A

length of fatty acid tails, cholesterol and the temperature, and how saturated they are

73
Q

What property of phospholipids makes them ideally suited to form membranes?

A

amphipathic (polar and nonpolar)

74
Q

Briefly describe endosymbiosis

A

both molecules/cells in a relationship that benefits them both

75
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and replicate separately from the nucleus and can synthesize ATP. Can they survive outside the cell? Explain your answer.

A

no because they still depend on other functions of the cell

76
Q

What is the relationship between the components of the endomembrane system?

A

they are all related in some way and serve a purpose

77
Q

Caffeine is a nonpolar molecule. What is the most likely method by which it is absorbed into cells?
a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Active transport
d. Diffusion
e. Exocytosis

A

a

78
Q

All are true except?
a. Shorter fatty acyl tails make the membrane more fluid
b. Saturated fatty acyl tails make the membrane more fluid
c. Unsaturated fatty acyl tails make the membrane more fluid
d. Cholesterol makes the membrane less fluid at higher temperatures
e. Cholesterol makes the membrane more fluid at lower temperatures

A

b

79
Q

What type of amino acids would you expect to find in the transmembrane portion of a membrane
protein?
a. Charged amino acids
b. Polar amino acids
c. Non-polar amino acids
d. Hydrophilic amino acids

A

c because hydrophobic amino acids are found in this area. hydrophobic amino acids are nonpolar

80
Q

Permeability refers to –
a. the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower
concentration
b. the amount of solute in a solution
c. the extent a membrane allows a substance to pass through
d. the state of being permanent
e. the ability to establish a permanent solute level in a solution

A

c

81
Q

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a
membrane is –
a. Osmosis
b. Active transport
c. Solubility
d. Insolubility
e. Diffusion

A

e

82
Q

Which of the following organelle is not part of the endomembrane system?
a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Nucleolus
e. All are part of the endomembrane system

A

e

83
Q

Blocking ribosomes prevents?
a. Protein packaging
b. Protein folding
c. Protein secretion
d. Protein assembly
e. Protein absorption

A

d

84
Q

Protein insertion into the ER membrane is typically —
a. Cotranslational
b. Pretranslational
c. Posttranslational
d. Quasitranslational

A

a

85
Q

Sending proteins into mitochondria or chloroplasts is —
a. Cotranslational
b. Pretranslational
c. Posttranslational
d. Quasitranslational

A

c

BIOL150 (15 decks)

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