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BIOL150 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How can life be viewed at different levels of biological complexity

A

Smallest level of organization to larger and more complex levels
Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of that element (all elements are composed of atoms)
Biosphere is all the places on earth where living organisms exist.

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2
Q

Identify the central dogma of biology and relate it to genomes and/or preteomes

A

A theory stating that genetic info flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein or RNA directly to protein
Genome - the complete genetic material of an organism or species (composed of DNA)
Proteome - the complete complement of proteins that a cell or an organism makes

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3
Q

Vertical Descent

A

New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations and natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations. The progression of changes in a lineage
TREE OF LIFE

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4
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another that is not its offspring
less common than vertical gene transfer
Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species
WEB OF LIFE

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5
Q

What’s the difference between living and non-living things

A

Non-living things cannot reproduce to create new ones. Living things are composed of cells and perform living tasks

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6
Q

Outline how organisms are classified

A

Taxonomy - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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7
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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8
Q

Discovery-based science vs. hypothesis-based science

A

Discovery-based is when someone discovers something in the moment/accidentally without creating a hypothesis
Hypothesis-based science is when someone sits down and writes a hypothesis, tests it, and then analyzes the results

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9
Q

What are the requirements of a hypothesis

A

A statement that tries to explain the observation; has to be FALSIFIABLE and TESTABLE

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10
Q

How would you interpret experimental results?

A

The paper including the experimental results would be submitted to scientific journals, where it undergoes a peer review.

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11
Q

Experimentation

A

Testing the hypothesis

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12
Q

Hypotheses

A

A prediction made based on observation; has to be testable and falsifiable. Cannot be proven true

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13
Q

Variable

A

part of the experiment - either dependent or independent or control

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14
Q

Test Group

A

Dependent variable. The one getting changed and observed

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15
Q

Control group

A

The group that does not change and creates a bases for the results to go off of

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16
Q

Scientific inquiry

A

Asking in-depth questions that lead to discover-based science and hypothesis testing

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17
Q

Theory

A

broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence

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18
Q

Cell

A

Simplest unit of life
Surrounded by a membrane and contains a variety of molecules and macromolecules

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19
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

provides a blueprint for the organization, development, and function of living things
Genes, which are segments of DNA, govern the characteristics of organisms
double helix

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20
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Genes are transcribed into a type of RNA molecule - mRNA (messenger RNA)
RNA consists of SINGLE STRAND of nucleotides

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21
Q

Vertical Gene transfer

A

New species evolve from pre-existing ones by the accumulation of mutations and natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations. The progression of changes in a lineage
TREE OF LIFE

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22
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another that is not its offspring
less common than vertical gene transfer
Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species
WEB OF LIFE

23
Q

Transcription

A

is the process of producing RNA copies of a gene’s DNA sequence

24
Q

Translation

A

is the process of synthesizing proteins using the genetic information contained in the messenger RNA template

25
Q

Central dogma

A

A theory stating that genetic info flows only in ONE direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

the organisms having cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell compartmentalization; BACTERIA and ARCHAEA

27
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms that have cells with internal compartments that serve various functions; EUKARYA

28
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the three domains of life
Prokaryotic

29
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains of life
Prokaryotic

30
Q

Eukarya

A

One of the three domains of life
Eukaryotic

31
Q

Domain

A

Broadest grouping
highest taxonomic rank Eukarya, archaea, and bacteria are domains

32
Q

Kingdom

A

Second highest taxonomic rank

33
Q

Phylum

A

Below kingdom and above class

34
Q

Class

A

Below phylum and above order

35
Q

Order

A

Above family and below class

36
Q

Family

A

Above Genus and below Order

37
Q

Genus

A

Above species and below family

38
Q

Species

A

is the most specific it gets

39
Q

How were the organisms in domain Eukarya divided up at one point?

A

they were originally divided up into four groups: protists, plants (plantae), fungi, and Animalia (animals)

40
Q

How does a scientist turn an observation into a hypothesis and investigate that hypothesis?

A

A scientist would observe something, ask questions about what happened, and it might spark something they want to test, which is where they would begin to create their hypothesis. Their hypothesis would then be put to test in an experiment

41
Q

What are the differences among a guess, hypothesis, and theory?

A

A theory is an established set of ideas that explains a vast amount of data and offers valid predictions that can be tested. Meanwhile, a theory is a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon that’s based on previous observations or experimental studies. Neither can be proven true. A guess is something that’s made without sufficient information.

42
Q

Mice that live in sand dunes commonly have light tan fur. Develop a hypothesis to explain this coloration.

A

Mice that live in the sand dunes have light tan fur to better hide from predators and to keep them cooler when it’s hot.

43
Q

What are the differences between a test group and a control group, and why is it important for an experiment to have both types of groups?

A

A test group is the one being altered and closely observed. A control group doesn’t change or participate in the same things the test group does. It’s important to have a control group, so the experimenter can have the results of the test group compared to the control group’s results. This then gives us a better idea on how it would do in the real-world.

44
Q

What does it mean to say that a cell is a life’s functional unit?

A

A cell is the simplest unit of life, and everything living is made from cells. Therefore, it’s life’s functional unit.

45
Q

How does the central dogma help us to understand how mutations in DNA can result in disease?

A

The central dogma can help us understand where and how the mutation happened, since the mutation changes the structure of DNA

46
Q

In science are a theory and a hypothesis considered the same thing? Explain your answer.

A

No, theory is a broad explanation that is supported by numerous pieces of evidence. While hypothesis is a statement/prediction made based on observations of a natural phenomenon and can be tested. They are the same in the aspect of they can’t be proven true.

47
Q

How do vertical and horizontal gene transfer differ?

A

Vertical gene transfer - new species come from pre-existing species from the accumulation of mutations.
Horizontal - can occur between members of different species and is less common then vertical

48
Q

Briefly describe the key differences between the three domains of life

A

Bacteria - does not have a cell nucleus; unicellular
Archaea - does not have a cell nucleus; unicellular
Eukarya - has a cell nucleus; both unicellular and multicellular

49
Q

In science a hypothesis can be proven true.
True or False

A

False

50
Q

Which of the following would be an example of horizontal evolution?
a. Genes being passed from mother to fetus
b. Bacteria acquiring resistant genes from the environment
c. Fitter individuals passing on their genes to offspring
d. All of the above are vertical

A

d

51
Q

Which of the following lack a nucleus
a. Protista
b. Eukarya
c. Animalia
d. Fungi
e. Archaea

A

e

52
Q

Which of the following is in the correct order -
a. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
b. Species, Phylum, Kingdom, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Domain
c. Genus, Species, Family, Phylum, Order, Domain, Kingdom, Class
d. Domain, Kingdom, Order, Phylum, Class Family, Genus, Species

A

a

53
Q

A researcher predicts that chemical X will make plants grow taller and designs an experiment to test the prediction. This prediction can be classified as a(n)?
a. Observation
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
d. Hypothesis
e. Theory

A

d

BIOL150 (15 decks)

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