Chapters 3/4

Question 1

categorization

Answer 1

the process of simplifying the environment by creating categories on the basis of characteristics that a particular set of people appear to have in common

Question 2

basic social categories

Answer 2

race, age, gender

Question 2

stereotype content model

Answer 2

outgroups tend to be seen as two dimensions
1. warm and friendly/cold unfriendly
2. competent/incompetent

Question 3

subtypes

Answer 3

when people recognize that a person can simultaneously be a member of two or more basic categories, they can also use a single category, such as middle-aged woman, that represents both basic categories simultaneously

Question 4

prototypicality

Answer 4

the extent that fits the observer’s concept of the essential features characteristic of that category

Question 5

racial phenotypical

Answer 5

The more prototypical of a category a person is, the more quickly and easily the person is categorized

Question 6

ingroup over exclusion

Answer 6

Some people want to avoid treating outgroup members as though they were part of the ingroup; to
accomplish this, they draw a tight circle around their ingroup

Question 7

hypodescent

Answer 7

when categorizing a racially ambiguous person, people classify the person as a member of the minority group rather than the majority group

Question 7

minimal group paradigm

Answer 7

ingroups and outgroups can be created from the smallest conditions

Question 8

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 8

People tend to see members of their own group as very different
from each other and, at the same time, tend to underestimate the differences among members of other
groups

Question 9

ultimate attribution error

Answer 9

occurs when people assume that their own group’s negative behavior can
be explained by situational factors, but similar negative actions by members of other groups are due to
their personal characteristics

Question 10

correspondence bias

Answer 10

people’s tendency to misjudge the demands of situations on behavior: All things being equal, people give relatively little weight to how situational factors influence behavior; instead, they believe someone’s actions reflect the person’s personality traits

Question 10

social role theory

Answer 10

when people observe others, they pay attention to the social roles others occupy

Question 11

illusory correlations

Answer 11

beliefs that incorrectly link two characteristics

Question 12

man-first principle

Answer 12

reflected by the tendency for men to
be mentioned before women when two-word phrases, such as brothers and sisters or king and queen

Question 13

linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 13

positive descriptions of ingroups and negative descriptions of outgroups tend to be made in abstract terms; in contrast, negative ingroup and positive outgroup actions tend to be described in concrete terms.

Question 14

stereotype endorsement

Answer 14

is the extent to which a person believes that the social stereotype
of a group accurately describes members of the group

Question 15

stereotype activation

Answer 15

the extent to which a stereotype is
accessible in one’s mind

Question 16

stereotype application

Answer 16

the extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of the stereotyped group

Question 17

intersectional invisibility

Answer 17

people with two or more subordinate identities are more difficult to categorize and, as a result, are less likely to be used as a prototypical member of either group

Question 18

self-enhancement goals

Answer 18

When people need to see themselves in a positive light. Negative stereotypes can help people because seeing others in a negative light can make oneself look better by comparison

Question 19

social adjustment motives

Answer 19

When people automatically alter their behavior to fit into situations and adhere to the norms or rules
of behavior for that setting

Question 20

chronic egalitarian goal

Answer 20

motivation to control prejudiced responses, especially one that is based on personal standards rather than external pressure, that is always operating

Question 21

cognitive style

Answer 21

people high on the trait of need for
_____ generally like to think about things carefully and consider all options when making a decision even when there is no particular reason to do so

Question 22

individuating information

Answer 22

information that is specific to the person, regardless of whether it is stereotypic to the person’s group

Question 23

causal uncertainty

Answer 23

people’s need to accurately understand how the world and other people operate

Question 24

entity theorist

Answer 24

people who implicitly believe that personality is fixed

Question 25

need for closure/structure

Answer 25

these people prefer simple, definite answers to questions and dislike ambiguity and uncertainty

Question 25

shooter bias

Answer 25

“he has a gun” response is more likely to occur when the stimulus person is a Black man, regardless of whether that response is correct or incorrect

Question 26

incremental theorists

Answer 26

people who believe that personality is malleable and that, for example, an individual’s moral decision-making can be influenced by situational factors

Question 27

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 27

When our initial behavior toward others leads them to behave in a way that meets our stereotypic expectations and behave in a stereotype-consistent manner

Question 28

subtyping model

Answer 28

treating group members who
do not fit their stereotypes as anomalies and creating special categories for those exceptions to the
rule

Question 29

concentrated disconfirmation

Answer 29

perceivers create new categories to account for a person who doesn’t fit the stereotype

Question 30

dispersed disconfirmation

Answer 30

What might have been seen as an exception to the rule is now becoming part of the rule. Therefore, the
group stereotype is likely to be changed

Question 31

the D’s of difference

Answer 31

distancing, denial, defensiveness, devaluing, and discovery