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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapters 23, 24, 25 > Flashcards

Chapters 23, 24, 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water retention.

A

collecting duct

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2
Q

Which term describes excessive urine output?

A

polyuria

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3
Q

The micturition reflex

A

is the predominant mechanism that voids the bladder in infants.

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4
Q

Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on

A

the countercurrent multiplier system.

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5
Q

Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except

A

glucose

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6
Q

Which muscle is located in the bladder?

A

detrusor

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7
Q

Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system?

A

thoracic collecting duct

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8
Q

Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient’s glomerular filtration rate?

A

inulin and creatinine

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9
Q

Which of the following conditions may result from loss of proportional amounts of water and sodium?

A

volume depletion

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10
Q

This hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, will stimulate the collecting ducts and the distal convoluted tubules to retain more water.

A

ADH

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11
Q

Dehydration will most likely cause plasma to become ________________.

A

hypertonic

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12
Q

_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.

A

Na+

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13
Q

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.

A

False

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14
Q

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

Hemorrhages

A

decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.

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16
Q

This condition can cause hypokalemia.

A

aldosterone hypersecretion

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17
Q

_______ causes muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.

A

Hypercalcemia

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18
Q

Which of the following neutralizes more acid or base than the others?

A

kidneys

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19
Q

This condition may be caused by hyperventilation.

A

respiratory alkalosis

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20
Q

___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

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21
Q

A weak base

A

binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.

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22
Q

Calcium concentration is regulated by

A

hormones.

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23
Q

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ___ homeostasis.

A

Na+

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24
Q

Chronic vomiting can lead to

A

metabolic alkalosis

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25
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which

A

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.

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26
Q

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems.

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

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27
Q

The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by

A

proteins

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28
Q

These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except

A

resting membrane potential is more negative.

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29
Q

This is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume.

A

K+

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30
Q

Tissue fluid normally has a pH of

A

7.35-7.45

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31
Q

Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?

A

stomach

32
Q

_______ causes muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.

A

Hypercalcemia

33
Q

Which of the following neutralizes more acid or base than the others?

A

kidneys

34
Q

This condition may be caused by hyperventilation.

A

respiratory alkalosis

35
Q

___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

36
Q

A weak base

A

binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.

37
Q

Calcium concentration is regulated by

A

hormones.

38
Q

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ___ homeostasis.

A

Na+

39
Q

Chronic vomiting can lead to

A

metabolic alkalosis

40
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which

A

expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.

41
Q

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems.

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

42
Q

The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by

A

proteins

43
Q

These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except

A

resting membrane potential is more negative.

44
Q

This is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume.

A

K+

45
Q

Tissue fluid normally has a pH of

A

7.35-7.45

46
Q

Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?

A

stomach

47
Q

During the gastric phase ingested food stimulates

A

All of the above

48
Q

This hormone stimulates pepsinogen and HCl production.

A

gastrin

49
Q

The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause

A

an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.

50
Q

All of the following are functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) except it

A

increases gastric HCl production.

51
Q

These glands produce bicarbonate-rich mucus, which neutralizes stomach acid.

A

duodenal glands

52
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins begins in the ________________.

A

stomach

53
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone

A

cholecystokinin (CCK).

54
Q

The _______________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ____________________.

A

liver; cholesterol

55
Q

The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except

A

rugae

56
Q

Which of these is not a component of the pancreatic juice?

A

enterokinase

57
Q

Which of these is the site of contact digestion?

A

brush border of the small intestine

58
Q

Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

A

triglycerides

59
Q

Why are several digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens?

A

so they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

60
Q

The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause

A

an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.

61
Q

Which of the following is not an enzyme that digests proteins in the small intestine?

A

maltase

62
Q

This gastric secretion breaks proteins down into smaller peptide chains.

A

pepsin

63
Q

This brush border enzyme will complete polypeptide digestion.

A

aminopeptidase

64
Q

Which of the following does not occur within the large intestine?

A

digestion of cellulose by intestinal digestive enzymes

65
Q

____________ is the physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside to the inside of the body.

A

Absorption

66
Q

____________ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells, which process them into _________________.

A

Micelles;chylomicrons

67
Q

_____________ break(s) down _______________.

A

Peptidases;proteins

68
Q

Bacterial flora carry out all of the following except

A

digest most of the proteins we get in the diet.

69
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ______________, whereas protein digestion begins in the ______________.

A

Mouth; stomach

70
Q

Defecation is stimulated by

A

stretching of the rectum

71
Q

Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming

A

emulsification droplets

72
Q

Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a digestive function.

A

bile salts

73
Q

Proteins are digested by different enzymes acting in the following sequence

A

pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase.

74
Q

The enterogastric reflex serves to

A

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine.

75
Q

The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)

A

transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.

76
Q

These nutrients are all absorbed without being digested except

A

proteins

77
Q

Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

A

triglycerides

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

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