Chapters 23, 24, 25 Flashcards
Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water retention.
collecting duct
Which term describes excessive urine output?
polyuria
The micturition reflex
is the predominant mechanism that voids the bladder in infants.
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on
the countercurrent multiplier system.
Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except
glucose
Which muscle is located in the bladder?
detrusor
Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system?
thoracic collecting duct
Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient’s glomerular filtration rate?
inulin and creatinine
Which of the following conditions may result from loss of proportional amounts of water and sodium?
volume depletion
This hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, will stimulate the collecting ducts and the distal convoluted tubules to retain more water.
ADH
Dehydration will most likely cause plasma to become ________________.
hypertonic
_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.
Na+
Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.
False
Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called
osmoreceptors
Hemorrhages
decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.
This condition can cause hypokalemia.
aldosterone hypersecretion
_______ causes muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.
Hypercalcemia
Which of the following neutralizes more acid or base than the others?
kidneys
This condition may be caused by hyperventilation.
respiratory alkalosis
___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
A weak base
binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
Calcium concentration is regulated by
hormones.
Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ___ homeostasis.
Na+
Chronic vomiting can lead to
metabolic alkalosis
The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.
The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems.
bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by
proteins
These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except
resting membrane potential is more negative.
This is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume.
K+
Tissue fluid normally has a pH of
7.35-7.45
Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
stomach
_______ causes muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.
Hypercalcemia
Which of the following neutralizes more acid or base than the others?
kidneys
This condition may be caused by hyperventilation.
respiratory alkalosis
___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
A weak base
binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
Calcium concentration is regulated by
hormones.
Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ___ homeostasis.
Na+
Chronic vomiting can lead to
metabolic alkalosis
The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.
The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems.
bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by
proteins
These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except
resting membrane potential is more negative.
This is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume.
K+
Tissue fluid normally has a pH of
7.35-7.45
Which of the following is not considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?
stomach
During the gastric phase ingested food stimulates
All of the above
This hormone stimulates pepsinogen and HCl production.
gastrin
The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause
an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
All of the following are functions of cholecystokinin (CCK) except it
increases gastric HCl production.
These glands produce bicarbonate-rich mucus, which neutralizes stomach acid.
duodenal glands
Chemical digestion of proteins begins in the ________________.
stomach
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone
cholecystokinin (CCK).
The _______________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ____________________.
liver; cholesterol
The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except
rugae
Which of these is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
enterokinase
Which of these is the site of contact digestion?
brush border of the small intestine
Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
triglycerides
Why are several digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens?
so they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
The arrival of chyme containing a mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time would cause
an increase in secretin release from the duodenum.
Which of the following is not an enzyme that digests proteins in the small intestine?
maltase
This gastric secretion breaks proteins down into smaller peptide chains.
pepsin
This brush border enzyme will complete polypeptide digestion.
aminopeptidase
Which of the following does not occur within the large intestine?
digestion of cellulose by intestinal digestive enzymes
____________ is the physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside to the inside of the body.
Absorption
____________ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells, which process them into _________________.
Micelles;chylomicrons
_____________ break(s) down _______________.
Peptidases;proteins
Bacterial flora carry out all of the following except
digest most of the proteins we get in the diet.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ______________, whereas protein digestion begins in the ______________.
Mouth; stomach
Defecation is stimulated by
stretching of the rectum
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming
emulsification droplets
Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a digestive function.
bile salts
Proteins are digested by different enzymes acting in the following sequence
pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase.
The enterogastric reflex serves to
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine.
The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)
transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
These nutrients are all absorbed without being digested except
proteins
Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
triglycerides
