Chapters 21, 22, 23 Flashcards
Molecules which elicit an immune response are called ________________.
antigens
Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n)
MHC 1
These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce interleukins to stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies.
helper T
Antibodies use all of the following mechanisms to attack pathogens directly except ________________.
cell lysis
If you were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody.
B lymphocytes
_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.
IgG
A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
epitope
All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except
T cells
Antibodies do not
differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in
lymph nodes
Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into
plasma cells
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against
cancer cells
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both
secrete granzymes and perforin
Each immunoglobulin (Ig) monomer has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).
two
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that
immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.
T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means
they multiply and form clones of identical T cells.
This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.
antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
Most common allergies are the result of
type I (acute) hypersensitivity
When antibodies produced to react against bacteria also react against self-antigens, the resulting condition is an example of a(n):
autoimmune disease
Which of the four classes of hypersensitivity is a cellular immune response, and not a humoral immune response?
Type IV
Which is the most correct sequence of air passage from the nose to the alveoli?
nasal cavity > larynx > trachea > bronchia > bronchiole
Of the following, which best describes the function of the cartilaginous rings?
keep airway open during inhalation
Pleural fluid is important for all of these reasons except it
reduces cohesion of water molecules
Which of the following is not part of the medulla oblongata?
pneumotaxic center
As the thoracic cavity expands, the
intrapulmonary pressure falls.
This law states that pressure of a given quantity of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (assuming a constant temperature).
Boyle’s law
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except
epiglottis
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by
the pulmonary artery
The upper respiratory tract extends
from the nose through the larynx
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
It promotes the synthesis of vasodilators
The muscle/muscle group that is the prime mover for respirations is
the diaphragm
Which of the following does not cause an increased resistance to airflow?
epinephrine
As the thoracic cavity expands, the
intrapleural pressure falls.
Normal, resting breaths are called
tidal volume
The ability of the lung to expand with ease is called
pulmonary compliance
Which gas has a partial pressure of about 160 mmHg in inspired air?
O2
The primary factor affecting chemoreceptors of blood gases is _____.
pH
____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases.
Dalton’s law
Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except
carbonate
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules.
4
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
bronchiole diameter
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid
oxygen toxicity.
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.
hydrogen
The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called
inspiratory reserve volume
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form.
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
carbonic anhydrase
Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?
erythrocyte count
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
an increase in membrane thickness
The kidney engages in all of the following activities except
secreting a hormone which increases the absorption of glucose from the digestive tract.
The role the kidney plays in the homeostasis of the body includes all of the following except to
control lymphocyte count
The correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney is
interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries.
The most correct sequence of fluid flow through the kidney is
glomerular capsule –> proximal convoluted tubules –> nephron loop –> distal convoluted tubules –> collecting duct.
Which of the following is not considered part of the renal tubule?
capsular space
When blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete the enzyme renin, which indirectly results in
a stimulation of the sense of thirst
Fluid leaving the blood stream to enter the kidney tubules would first pass through the
Fluid leaving the blood stream to enter the kidney tubules would first pass through the
Should blood pressure rise, one means of renal autoregulation would involve
constriction of the afferent arteriole.
The major nitrogenous waste product in humans is ________________.
urea
Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water retention.
collecting duct
Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one’s daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.
proximal convoluted tubule
Blood plasma is filtered in
the renal corpuscle
In a healthy kidney, very little ___ is filtered by the glomerulus.
protein
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, ___ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.
angiotensin II
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
