Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapters 21, 22, 23 > Flashcards

Chapters 21, 22, 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules which elicit an immune response are called ________________.

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n)

A

MHC 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce interleukins to stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies.

A

helper T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antibodies use all of the following mechanisms to attack pathogens directly except ________________.

A

cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If you were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody.

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

A

epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antibodies do not

A

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in

A

lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

A

cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both

A

secrete granzymes and perforin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) monomer has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

A

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means

A

they multiply and form clones of identical T cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

A

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most common allergies are the result of

A

type I (acute) hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When antibodies produced to react against bacteria also react against self-antigens, the resulting condition is an example of a(n):

A

autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the four classes of hypersensitivity is a cellular immune response, and not a humoral immune response?

A

Type IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which is the most correct sequence of air passage from the nose to the alveoli?

A

nasal cavity > larynx > trachea > bronchia > bronchiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Of the following, which best describes the function of the cartilaginous rings?

A

keep airway open during inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pleural fluid is important for all of these reasons except it

A

reduces cohesion of water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following is not part of the medulla oblongata?

A

pneumotaxic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

As the thoracic cavity expands, the

A

intrapulmonary pressure falls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

This law states that pressure of a given quantity of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (assuming a constant temperature).

A

Boyle’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except

A

epiglottis

28
Q

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

A

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

29
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by

A

the pulmonary artery

30
Q

The upper respiratory tract extends

A

from the nose through the larynx

31
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

A

It promotes the synthesis of vasodilators

32
Q

The muscle/muscle group that is the prime mover for respirations is

A

the diaphragm

33
Q

Which of the following does not cause an increased resistance to airflow?

A

epinephrine

34
Q

As the thoracic cavity expands, the

A

intrapleural pressure falls.

35
Q

Normal, resting breaths are called

A

tidal volume

36
Q

The ability of the lung to expand with ease is called

A

pulmonary compliance

37
Q

Which gas has a partial pressure of about 160 mmHg in inspired air?

A

O2

38
Q

The primary factor affecting chemoreceptors of blood gases is _____.

A

pH

39
Q

____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases.

A

Dalton’s law

40
Q

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?

A

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.

41
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except

A

carbonate

42
Q

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

A

anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

43
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules.

A

4

44
Q

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

A

bronchiole diameter

45
Q

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid

A

oxygen toxicity.

46
Q

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

A

hydrogen

47
Q

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called

A

inspiratory reserve volume

48
Q

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form.

A

bicarbonate ions

49
Q

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

A

carbonic anhydrase

50
Q

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

A

erythrocyte count

51
Q

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

A

an increase in membrane thickness

52
Q

The kidney engages in all of the following activities except

A

secreting a hormone which increases the absorption of glucose from the digestive tract.

53
Q

The role the kidney plays in the homeostasis of the body includes all of the following except to

A

control lymphocyte count

54
Q

The correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney is

A

interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries.

55
Q

The most correct sequence of fluid flow through the kidney is

A

glomerular capsule –> proximal convoluted tubules –> nephron loop –> distal convoluted tubules –> collecting duct.

56
Q

Which of the following is not considered part of the renal tubule?

A

capsular space

57
Q

When blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete the enzyme renin, which indirectly results in

A

a stimulation of the sense of thirst

58
Q

Fluid leaving the blood stream to enter the kidney tubules would first pass through the

A

Fluid leaving the blood stream to enter the kidney tubules would first pass through the

59
Q

Should blood pressure rise, one means of renal autoregulation would involve

A

constriction of the afferent arteriole.

60
Q

The major nitrogenous waste product in humans is ________________.

A

urea

61
Q

Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water retention.

A

collecting duct

62
Q

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one’s daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

63
Q

Blood plasma is filtered in

A

the renal corpuscle

64
Q

In a healthy kidney, very little ___ is filtered by the glomerulus.

A

protein

65
Q

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, ___ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.

A

angiotensin II

66
Q

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

A

vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions