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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapters 17, 18, 19 > Flashcards

Chapters 17, 18, 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to the nervous system, which of the following is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

A

communicates with electrical signals

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2
Q

Which of the following is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone

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3
Q

Which of the following organs have hormone secreting cells?

A

kidney, heart, stomach, and small intestine

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4
Q

This hormone, synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is produced when osmoreceptors sense a rise in blood osmolarity.

A

antidiuretic hormone

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5
Q

Which of the following hormones will cause a fall in blood glucose concentrations?

A

insulin

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6
Q

This hormone raises blood calcium levels.

A

parathyroid hormone

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7
Q

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones work together to help maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Which of them works to decrease blood calcium?

A

calcitonin

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8
Q

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

A

glucagon, which raises blood glucose

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9
Q

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when

A

thyroid hormone targets the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

The hypophyseal portal system connects

A

the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus.

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11
Q

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system.

A

quickly, quickly, specific

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12
Q

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes

A

oxytocin

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13
Q

This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

A

melatonin

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14
Q

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

A

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

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15
Q

Which of the following concepts explains the fact that target cells do not have a great number of receptors and normal circulating blood concentrations of hormones are very low?

A

enzyme amplification

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16
Q

A lack of antidiuretic hormone will lead to

A

diabetes insipidus

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17
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the following?

A

bone resorption and renal calculi

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18
Q

___ enters a target cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

A

estrogen

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19
Q

___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

glucagon

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20
Q

___ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

A

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone

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21
Q

Absence of iodine in the diet leads to

A

hypothyroidism

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22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the

A

kidneys

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23
Q

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood.

A

acromegaly

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24
Q

Right after a meal, beta cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

A

insulin, which lowers blood glucose

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25
Q

T4 and T3 are _____ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.

A

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

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26
Q

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes

A

cortisol

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27
Q

This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger.

A

enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

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28
Q

Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of

A

enzyme amplification

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29
Q

All these can cause Cushing syndrome except

A

hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

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30
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

A

antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion

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31
Q

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except

A

hypoglycemia

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32
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration?

A

hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

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33
Q

The most abundant plasma protein is ________________.

A

albumin

34
Q

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

A

The fluid remaining after blood clots is the same as blood plasma.

35
Q

Which of the following organs produces all the plasma proteins except the gamma globulins, which come from plasma cells?

A

liver

36
Q

Ferrous iron travels in the plasma bound to the protein ____________.

A

transferrin

37
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules bound to its heme group?

A

4

38
Q

_____________ is not found in plasma.

A

glycogen

39
Q

_____________ would not decrease colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in blood.

A

a diet predominantly based on red meat

40
Q

Blood does not

A

produce plasma hormones

41
Q

Erythrocytes transport oxygen and

A

transport some carbon dioxide

42
Q

Most oxygen is transported bound to

A

heme groups in hemoglobin

43
Q

Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the

A

red bone marrow.

44
Q

The buffy coat does not contain

A

erythrocytes

45
Q

The hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume.

A

37% to 52%

46
Q

The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor.

A

erythrocytes

47
Q

Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when

A

there is a dietary protein deficiency.

48
Q

A total count above ____________ WBCs/μL is called leukocytosis.

A

10,000

49
Q

A woman’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _____ and both children are most likely _____.

A

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

50
Q

All these can cause leukopenia except

A

dehydration.

51
Q

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except

A

increased hypoxemia

52
Q

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-_____ antibody(ies).

A

B and D; A

53
Q

Anemia has these potential consequences except

A

blood viscosity is increased

54
Q

Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.

A

False

55
Q

Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by

A

a negative feedback loop.

56
Q

Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.

A

False

57
Q

Leukopoiesis begins with…

A

pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs)

58
Q

Many RBCs die in the

A

spleen and liver

59
Q

Sickle-cell disease is not

A

a cause of malaria.

60
Q

Some lymphocytes can survive for

A

decades

61
Q

The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.

A

glycolipids

62
Q

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called

A

hemostasis.

63
Q

What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?

A

bilirubin

64
Q

__________________ participates in the extrinsic mechanism only.

A

thromboplastin

65
Q

All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except

A

the presence of tissue thromboplastin

66
Q

Clotting deficiency can result from hemophilia.

A

True

67
Q

Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.

A

False

68
Q

Most clotting factors are synthesized in the

A

liver

69
Q

Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) ______________.

A

thrombus; embolus

70
Q

Platelets do not secrete

A

thrombopoietin

71
Q

Platelets release ____________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.

A

serotonin

72
Q

The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by

A

a fibrin polymer

73
Q

The ____________ collects blood from all other veins draining the myocardium and returns this blood to the right atrium.

A

coronary sinus

74
Q

Of the pathways listed, which correctly describes a route that blood can take in a normal human?

A

left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve

75
Q

Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate another by allowing ion flow across the intercalated disk?

A

gap junctions

76
Q

Which of the following is not one of the features of an intercalated disc?

A

purkinje fibers

77
Q

____________ carry oxygen-poor blood.

A

venae cavae and pulmonary veins

78
Q

Blood in the heart chambers provides most of the myocardium’s oxygen and nutrient needs.

A

False

79
Q

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by

A

pressure gradients

80
Q

Pericardial fluid is found between

A

the parietal and visceral membranes.

81
Q

The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between

A

the right atrium and the right ventricle

Anatomy & Physiology II (4 decks)

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