Chapters 17, 18, 19 Flashcards
Compared to the nervous system, which of the following is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
communicates with electrical signals
Which of the following is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following organs have hormone secreting cells?
kidney, heart, stomach, and small intestine
This hormone, synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, is produced when osmoreceptors sense a rise in blood osmolarity.
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following hormones will cause a fall in blood glucose concentrations?
insulin
This hormone raises blood calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones work together to help maintain blood calcium homeostasis. Which of them works to decrease blood calcium?
calcitonin
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
glucagon, which raises blood glucose
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when
thyroid hormone targets the anterior pituitary
The hypophyseal portal system connects
the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus.
The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly, quickly, specific
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes
oxytocin
This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
melatonin
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
Which of the following concepts explains the fact that target cells do not have a great number of receptors and normal circulating blood concentrations of hormones are very low?
enzyme amplification
A lack of antidiuretic hormone will lead to
diabetes insipidus
Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the following?
bone resorption and renal calculi
___ enters a target cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
estrogen
___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
glucagon
___ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
Absence of iodine in the diet leads to
hypothyroidism
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
kidneys
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood.
acromegaly
Right after a meal, beta cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
insulin, which lowers blood glucose
T4 and T3 are _____ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes
cortisol
This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger.
enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of
enzyme amplification
All these can cause Cushing syndrome except
hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except
hypoglycemia
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration?
hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis
The most abundant plasma protein is ________________.
albumin
Which of the following statements about blood is false?
The fluid remaining after blood clots is the same as blood plasma.
Which of the following organs produces all the plasma proteins except the gamma globulins, which come from plasma cells?
liver
Ferrous iron travels in the plasma bound to the protein ____________.
transferrin
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to how many oxygen molecules bound to its heme group?
4
_____________ is not found in plasma.
glycogen
_____________ would not decrease colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in blood.
a diet predominantly based on red meat
Blood does not
produce plasma hormones
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and
transport some carbon dioxide
Most oxygen is transported bound to
heme groups in hemoglobin
Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the
red bone marrow.
The buffy coat does not contain
erythrocytes
The hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume.
37% to 52%
The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor.
erythrocytes
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when
there is a dietary protein deficiency.
A total count above ____________ WBCs/μL is called leukocytosis.
10,000
A woman’s first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _____ and both children are most likely _____.
A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive
All these can cause leukopenia except
dehydration.
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except
increased hypoxemia
An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-_____ antibody(ies).
B and D; A
Anemia has these potential consequences except
blood viscosity is increased
Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream.
False
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by
a negative feedback loop.
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
False
Leukopoiesis begins with…
pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs)
Many RBCs die in the
spleen and liver
Sickle-cell disease is not
a cause of malaria.
Some lymphocytes can survive for
decades
The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
glycolipids
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called
hemostasis.
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
bilirubin
__________________ participates in the extrinsic mechanism only.
thromboplastin
All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except
the presence of tissue thromboplastin
Clotting deficiency can result from hemophilia.
True
Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug.
False
Most clotting factors are synthesized in the
liver
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) ______________.
thrombus; embolus
Platelets do not secrete
thrombopoietin
Platelets release ____________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.
serotonin
The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by
a fibrin polymer
The ____________ collects blood from all other veins draining the myocardium and returns this blood to the right atrium.
coronary sinus
Of the pathways listed, which correctly describes a route that blood can take in a normal human?
left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve
Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate another by allowing ion flow across the intercalated disk?
gap junctions
Which of the following is not one of the features of an intercalated disc?
purkinje fibers
____________ carry oxygen-poor blood.
venae cavae and pulmonary veins
Blood in the heart chambers provides most of the myocardium’s oxygen and nutrient needs.
False
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by
pressure gradients
Pericardial fluid is found between
the parietal and visceral membranes.
The tricuspid valve regulates the opening between
the right atrium and the right ventricle
