Chapters 2-3 Flashcards
Term relating to the characteristics of having mass
and occupying space
Matter
Three forms of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
A measure of the amount of matter in an atom
Mass
Determination of atomic mass
The number of protons plus number of
neutrons
The charge on an electron
negative
The charge on a proton
Positive
Based on the atomic number the elements in the
Periodic Table are arranged
In consecutive order, in rows, beginning at the
upper left corner
The number of protons will equal the number of
_____ in a neutral atom.
electrons
Atomic mass minus atomic number determines the
number of _____
neutrons
The number of protons determines this for each
element
Atomic Number
Location of electrons in an atom
around the nucleus, located in specific orbitals
Number of electrons to fill the first 3 orbitals of an
atom
2, 8, 8
For any orbital, it is most stable in one of these 2
states
either completely full or completely empty
Region in the middle of an atom, where the mass
is centered; composed of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Basic rule on electrons: do they like to be
separate, in pairs, or in other groups?
Pairs
True or false: the basic rule on electrons is fill the
first orbital before putting electrons in the second, and
fill the second before putting electrons in the third.
True
Basic rule on how atoms react: atoms react to
become stable by…
having full valence shells (orbitals)
An isotope is an atom that has the same number of
protons and electrons but a different number of…
Neutrons
Elements are naturally composed of a variety of
______ and that makes their ______ is a weighted
average of these found in nature
Isotopes, Atomic Mass
Unstable atoms, or ______, contain an excess of
neutrons and lose nuclear components as high energy
radiation
radioisotopes
The high energy radiation lost by radioisotopes
may be
Alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays
The physical half life of a radioisotope (time for
50% of the element to become stable) is usually _____
the biological half life (time for 50% of the element to
be eliminated from the body.
longer than
Based on the valence electron number the
elements in the Periodic Table are arranged
In 8 columns, each column indicating how
many electrons are in the valence shell
The ______ is the outermost electron orbital
containing those electrons available for chemical
reactions
Valence shell
What does the column number in the Periodic
Table mean?
number of electrons in the valence shell
What’s so special about the elements in column
VIII?
Their valence shells are filled
The fact that elements tend to lose, gain or share
electrons in the valence shell is the
Octet rule
Composed of individual particles that have the
same properties.
element
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge
Ion
These are formed when atoms either give up or
take electrons to have full and stable valence shells
Ions, Ionic Bonds
Ions that have given up electrons; they have a
positive charge.
Cations
Ions that have taken extra electrons; they have a
negative charge.
Anions
While cations are named the same as the element,
anions often take a different word ending. The
element chlorine forms the ion _____.
Chloride
When an element has lost 2 electrons, the charge
on the resulting ion will be
Positive two (2+ or ++)
When an element gains 1 electron, the charge on
the resulting ion will be
negative one (-)
Atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in the valence shell
will tend to
Donate the electrons acquiring a positive
charge
Atoms with 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell
will tend to
Accept electrons acquiring a negative charge
Using the Periodic Table, elements on the left side
(Groups IA through
III A) tend to
Donate electrons
Using the Periodic Table, elements on the right
side (Groups VA through
VIIA) tend to
Accept electrons
The mutual attraction between a cation and an
anion forms this kind of bond.
Ionic Bond
In a crystalline mixture of Na+ and Cl- the smallest
repeating unit is NaCl, defining this as an …
Ionic Compound
How many chloride ions are in CaCl2?
2
MgCl2
The formula for magnesium chloride
An ionically bonded molecule in which the cation is
hydrogen is called…
acid
HCO3- and PO4– are both
polyatomic anions
A combination of 2 or more atoms.
Molecule
The atoms, along with their ratios, (such as H2O)
are called the ____ _____ of a molecule
Molecular formula
The arrangement of each atom in a molecule
represents a …
Structural formula
A _____ formula allows visualization of the
molecule as it is arranged in space.
structural
Molecules with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulas are called …
Isomers
One or more covalent bonds will form between
atoms sharing electrons until..
The valence electron shell is filled with 8
electrons
When 2 atoms share electrons, this kind of bond is
formed.
covalent bond
The four most common elements forming covalent
bonds in the human body are
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
In a single covalent bond
Two electrons are shared, one from each
atom
In a double covalent bond
Four electrons are shared, two from each
atom, in two pairs
In a triple covalent bond
Six electrons are shared, three from each
atom, in 3 pairs
In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons in the
covalent bond …
Are shared equally by each atom
In a polar covalent bond, the atom attracting the
electron will have either
More protons in the nucleus or fewer electron
shells
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons in the
covalent bond
Spend more time around one of the bonded
atoms than the other
The main example of a polar covalent bond
oxygen with hydrogen, O-H
A second example of a polar covalent bond
nitrogen with hydrogen, N-H
Two examples of small polar molecules
water and ammonia
A nonpolar molecule is made with
Nonpolar covalent bonds and usually has no
charge on the molecule
A ____ molecule usually has a separation of
charges on the molecule itself, where one area is
more + and another is more –
Polar
A molecule with one part that is polar and another
part that is nonpolar is _____; an example is
phospholipid
amphipathic
Since like dissolves like, an amphipathic molecule
can simultaneously dissolve in both
Nonpolar solvents and polar solvents
A weak electrical attraction between the positive
pole of one polar molecule (always a hydrogen) and
the negative pole of another
hydrogen bond
Intermolecular attractions between nonpolar
molecules, involving momentary unequal distributions
of electrons, are called ____ ___ and are very weak.
van der Waals forces
. Interactions of a nonpolar molecule placed in a
polar solvent like water are called
Hydrophobic interactions
Substances that don’t mix well with water are
called _____.
hydrophobic, lipid-soluble
The bond between the O and each H in a water
molecule is classified as a _____ _____ bond
polar covalent
The bond between the O of one water molecule
and the H in a second water molecule is classified as
a _____ bond.
hydrogen
The covalent bonds between the two hydrogen
atoms and the oxygen atom in water are polar
covalent bonds, with the oxygen portion of water being
more ____ and the hydrogen portions being more ____
Oxygen - negative, hydrogen - positive
Water molecules can form ___ ____ bonds since
the 2 positive hydrogen ends attract the oxygen of two
nearby water molecules and the doubly negative
oxygen end can attract two hydrogens from nearby
water molecules
four hydrogen bonds
The intermolecular force most responsible for the
unique properties of water is
Hydrogen bonding
The layers of water molecules that surround ions,
attracted by the electrical charge
hydration spheres
When two different substances attract each other,
_____ occurs
Adhesion
When molecules within a substance attract each
other, _____ occurs
cohesion
The cohesive force of water makes it bead up on
waxed paper; we say water has a high _____ _____.
surface tension
Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides
for the unique water properties that keeps lungs stuck
to the chest wall
High surface tension
Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides
for the unique water properties that keeps body
temperature from undergoing drastic changes
high specific heat
Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides
for the unique water properties that allows sweat to
cool the body (evaporation is cooling since it takes a
lot heat to vaporize water)
high heat of vaporization
Hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides
for the unique water properties that allows many
substances (salts and nutrients) to dissolve in body
fluids
good solvent for polar molecules
Molecules that dissolve in water are described as
Polar, hydrophilic or water-soluble molecules
Water is almost a universal _____, because it can
dissolve ionic and polar substances.
solvent
The particles dissolved in solution are called
solutes
Some molecules dissolve and dissociate in water;
these include
Salts (NaCl) and acids (H2CO3 or HCl) and
bases (NaOH)
Particles carrying a + or – charge will be
produced when molecules both dissolve and _____ in
water
dissociate
Charged particles produced following a molecule’
s dissolution and dissociation in water are _____, as
the solution described will carry an electrical current
Electrolytes
Nonpolar molecules will not dissolve in a polar
solvent like water. (T or F)
true
