Chapter 1 Flashcards
The study of structure and form
Anatomy
Microscopy anatomy includes _____, the study of cells, and _____, the study of tissues.
Cytology and Histology
The type of gross anatomy that studies a group of organs that work together for a specific purpose
Systemic anatomy
The type of gross anatomy that studies all the
structures found in a body area
Regional anatomy
The type of gross anatomy that relates internal
structures to superficial body markers
Surface anatomy
The type of gross anatomy that is the study of
images derived from exposing the body to various
types of energy such as X-rays, magnetic or
ultrasound waves
Imaging anatomy
Study of similarities and differences among species
Comparative anatomy
Study of changes occurring from conception to birth
Embryology
Study of abnormal anatomy resulting from a
disease or damage
Pathology
The study of abnormal tissues resulting from a
disease or damage
Histopathology
The study of the function of cells, tissues, organs,
organ systems and the organism as a whole
Physiology
The study of the abnormal function of cells,
tissues, organs, organ systems and the organism as a
result of disease or damage
Pathophysiology
True or false: everyone’s physiology is the same.
FALSE! There is normal physiological
variation
Structure and function fit together. The term for
this is
Complimentary of structure and
function
Anatomy determines
Physiology
Form and structure determine
Function
Organization, metabolism, growth development,
responsiveness, regulation, reproduction are all…
The characteristics common to all living
things
Energy-requiring metabolism that synthesizes
large molecules from smaller molecules
Anabolism
Energy-releasing metabolism that breaks down
large molecules into smaller molecules
Catabolism
Characteristic of life; maintaining order, especially
an outer boundary between inside and outside
Organization
Processes that make and break down nutrients,
using and releasing energy
Metabolism
Receiving and reacting to stimuli
Responsiveness
Keeping the internal environment within normal
operating conditions
Homeostasis
Change over time, from egg to adult
Development
Increase in size, usually by increasing numbers of
cells
Growth
Producing new individuals
Reproduction
This word root means “same.”
Homeo
This word root means “standing” or “stopping.”
Stasis
A group of cell with a similar function
Tissue
Several different tissues organized to accomplish a
specific function
Organ
The correct order of complexity, from smallest to
largest
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs,
systems, organisms
Organ system providing protection from
dehydration, synthesis of vitamin D, external
sensation, protection and aids in body temperature
regulation
Integumentary system
Organ system producing movement and heat
generation
Muscle system
Organ system providing blood cell production,
support, protection of soft organs, calcium and
phosphorus storage
Skeletal system
One of two major control systems responsible for
body movement, response to sensory stimuli and
consciousness
Nervous system
One of two major control systems responsible for
regulation of development, growth, metabolism and
reproduction
Endocrine system
Organ system that is the primary site of immune
responses and returns fluid to the cardiovascular
system
Lymphatic system
Organ system that moves blood throughout the
body and aids in body temperature regulation
Cardiovascular system
Organ system responsible for gas exchange
between the blood and air
Respiratory system
Organ system responsible for removing wastes
from the blood
Urinary system
Organ system responsible for absorbing nutrients
into the body
Digestive system
Organ system responsible for producing sex cells
and creating offspring
Reproductive system
Body position used as a point of common
reference
Anatomic position
Description of anatomic position
Face forward, feet flat, arms at the side
with the palms facing anteriorly
An imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Body plane
An actual cut or slice into the body
Body section
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions
Coronal or frontal plane
Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom
(inferior) portions
Transverse or horizontal plane, or cross
section
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left sides (also
called parasagittal)
Sagittal plane
Divides the structure at an angle
Oblique
Front of body
anterior or ventral
Top of body
superior or cephalad
Back of body
dorsal or posterior
Bottom of body
inferior or caudad
Midline of body
medial
Either side of body
lateral
Closer to origin of a body part
Proximal
Farther from origin of a body part
Distal
Close to the surface
superficial
Far from the surface, in the body’s interior
Deep
Anatomical term for head
Cephalic
Anatomical term for forehead
Frontal
Anatomical term for eye
Orbital
Anatomical term for cheek
Buccal
Anatomical term for chin
Mental
Anatomical term for nose
Nasal
Anatomical term for mouth
Oral
Anatomical term for neck
Cervical
Anatomical term for breast bone
Sternal
Anatomical term for chest
Pectoral
Anatomical term for breast
Mammary
Anatomical term for belly
Abdominal
Anatomical term for hip girdle
Pelvic
Anatomical term for groin
Inguinal
Anatomical term for anterior region of pelvis
Pubic
Anatomical term for shoulder
deltoid or acromion
Anatomical term for armpit
Axillary
Anatomical term for arm (shoulder to elbow)
brachial
Anatomical term for anterior region of elbow
Antecubital or cubital
Anatomical term for forearm (elbow to wrist)
antebrachial
Anatomical term for hip
coxal
Anatomical term for wrist
carpal
Anatomical term for anterior surface of hand
Palmar
Anatomical term for finger or toe
digital or phalangeal
Anatomical term for thigh (hip to knee)
Femoral
Anatomical term for knee cap
Patellar
Anatomical term for leg (knee to ankle)
Crural
Anatomical term for foot
pes or pedal
Anatomical term for ankle
tarsal
Anatomical term for skull
Cranial
Anatomical term for outer, visible ear
auricular
Anatomical term for chest or thorax
Thoracic
Anatomical term for posterior elbow
Olecranal
Anatomical term for posterior region between the
hip bones
Sacral
Anatomical term for buttock
Gluteal
Anatomical term for calf
Sural
Anatomical term for heel
Calcaneal
Anatomical term for sole of foot
Plantar
Anatomical term for posterior head
Occipital
Anatomical term for lower back or loins
Lumbar
Anatomical term for hand
Manus
Anatomical term for region between legs;
contains anus and external reproductive organs
Perineal
Anatomical term for posterior surface of knee
Popliteal
Anatomical term for lateral side of forearm
radial
Anatomical term for medial side of forearm
Ulnar
Anatomical term for shoulder blade
Scapular
Anatomical term for face
Facial
Anatomical term for rib
Costal
Anatomical term for navel
Umbilical
Anatomical term for spinal column
Vertebral
The posterior aspect of the body includes the
____ cavity containing the brain and the _____ canal
containing the spinal cord
cranial and vertebral
The ____ divides the ventral cavity into the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
The _____ divides the thoracic cavity into right
and left pleural cavities
mediastinum
The _____ cavity is found in the inferior portion of
the mediastinum
pericardial
The _____ cavities contain the lungs
Pleural
The pericardial cavity contains the:
Heart
This subdivision of the ventral cavity is not
physically divided from the cavity above it; its
boundary is made mostly by the hip bones
Pelvic Cavity
These line all the subdivisions of the ventral
cavity.
Serous Membranes
The ____ layer of a serous membrane lines the
walls of the ventral cavity subdivisions.
parietal
The _____ layer of a serous membrane covers the organs contained in the subdivisions of the ventral cavity.
Visceral
This serous membrane is found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
peritoneum (peritoneal serous membrane)
The terminal portions of the large intestine and ureters, the urinary bladder and internal reproductive system are in the _____ cavity.
pelvic
Effect of high surface tension of pleural fluid around the lungs
Keeps the lung inflated as it clings to the thoracic wall
This watery secretion of ventral cavity membranes reduces friction as organs move within the cavity.
serous fluid
The middle three abdominopelvic regions are, from superior to inferior:
epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
On both left and right, the lateral abdominopelvic regions, from superior to inferior:
hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac
The landmark used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants
umbilicus
Most of the stomach is located in the ____ quadrant.
Upper Left
Most of the liver is located in the ____ quadrant.
Upper Right
The appendix is usually located in the _____ quadrant.
lower right
Changes in a variable that can be regulated is the ___ portion of a homeostatic system.
stimulus
The components of a homeostatic system include
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response
The element of a homeostatic system that detects changes in the body
Receptor
The element of the homeostatic system that interprets input from the receptor:
Control center
The element of the homeostatic system that brings about a change to the stimulus:
Effector
The result of the action of a homeostatic system
Response
Homeostatic mechanisms regulated by _____ _____ fluctuate around a set point value, keeping the value in a normal range
negative feedback
A measured value within the ___________ is at an acceptable level.
normal range
Normal range of human blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
Normal range of human blood glucose
80 - 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
This mechanism occurs when a stimulus results in an opposite response
negative feedback
This mechanism is shown in a graph with a line that changes direction.
negative feedback
Environmental changes may be detected primarily by
External sensory receptors
This feedback mechanism continues the change in the stimulus in the same direction.
positive feedback
This feedback mechanism will stop only when the stimulus is removed or the body’s response ability is exhausted.
positive feedback
In homeostatic mechanisms is the control center is usually in the ____ system or the _____ system.
nervous or endocrine
A ______ involves determining the specific cause of a homeostatic imbalance.
diagnosis
Homeostatic mechanisms maintaining values within normal ranges generally describe a ______ person.
Healthy
