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A&P 1 Chapters 1-4 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Glass lenses magnify the image of the specimen in

A

Light microscopy

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2
Q

Electrons are passed through a thin specimen for viewing on a screen in

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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3
Q

Electrons are reflected off the surface of the specimen for viewing on a screen in

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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4
Q

The average size of a human cell is

A

30um

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5
Q

Human cells range from the smaller _______ to the largest ________

A

Red blood cell at 7-8 um, oocyte at 120um

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6
Q

Human cells can have a variety of shapes such as

A

Cube, round, columnar, cylinder, disc or irregular

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7
Q

The shape and size of a human cell determines its

A

function

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8
Q

The three main structural components of a cell are

A

Plasma (cell) membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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9
Q

Membrane bound organelles include:

A

Rough ER, smooth ER, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, peroxisome and lysosome

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10
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles include:

A

Ribosomes, centrosome, proteasome and cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Cell organelles are permanent features while stored molecules named ______ vary in amount and presence

A

Inclusions

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12
Q

Three primary functions of any cell are:

A

Maintain integrity and shape, get nutrients for metabolism, dispose of wastes

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13
Q

The lipid components in a cell membrane include

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids

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14
Q

The cell membrane lipids that form a barrier between the cytoplasm and interstitial fluid are:

A

Phospholipids

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15
Q

The cell membrane lipids that strengthens and stabilizes the membrane is

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

The cell membrane lipids that contribute to the glycocalyx are

A

Glycolipids

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17
Q

In a membrane’s bilayer, this region is hydrophobic (water-repelling).

A

fatty acid tails in the middle of the membrane

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18
Q

Cell membrane proteins that extend across the width of the membrane are _____ while those associated with only one of the cell membrane surfaces are ____

A

Integral, peripheral

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19
Q

The six major roles of membrane proteins are:

A

Transport, receptor, identity marker, enzyme, anchoring site, cell-adhesion

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20
Q

These membrane proteins have binding sites for chemical messengers (ligands).

A

receptors

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21
Q

These membrane proteins break down chemicals, such as chemical messengers that have finished stimulating the cell.

A

enzymes

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22
Q

These membrane proteins regulate movement of substances across the membrane, and include channels, carriers, and pumps

A

transport proteins

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23
Q

Ions and water can enter or leave the cell through this type of protein in the plasma membrane.

A

gated or leak channels

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24
Q

These transport proteins allow small molecules (such as water) and ions (such as sodium) to continually pass in and/or out of a cell.

A

leak channels

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25
Q

These transport proteins can open and close to control the movement of ions into and/or out of a cell.

A

gated channels

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26
Q

. These glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx and help the immune system recognize normal body cells.

A

Identity marker molecules

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27
Q

. These membrane proteins attach to similar proteins in neighboring cells, to hold cells together, and to extracellular molecules, allowing communication with other cells.

A

Cell-adhesion proteins

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28
Q

These membrane proteins or glycoproteins bind to specific chemicals which can signal the cell to perform a specific activity

A

receptor proteins

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29
Q

These membrane proteins attach to cytoskeletal proteins

A

Anchoring proteins

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30
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, powered by the kinetic energy of the individual particles.

A

diffusion

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31
Q

What is the effect of all of the following on the diffusion rate?
1. higher temperature 2. lower molecular weight 3. steeper concentration gradient 4. greater surface area 5. higher permeability

A

increase diffusion rate

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32
Q

The movement of small, nonpolar molecules down a concentration gradient existing across a cell membrane is an example of

A

Simple diffusion

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33
Q

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids can enter or leave a cell through this part of the plasma membrane.

A

lipid bilayer

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34
Q

The movement of charged, polar molecules down a concentration gradient existing across a cell membrane requires a channel protein; this process is

A

Facilitated diffusion

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35
Q

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; the result is a change in the volume of fluid on both sides of the membrane.

A

osmosis

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36
Q

This is a measure of the hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis.

A

osmotic pressure

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37
Q

Name the two processes that move a substance against its concentration gradient

A

Active transport and secondary active transport (coupled transport)

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38
Q

This process uses energy derived directly from ATP breakdown to move a substance against its concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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39
Q

This process uses energy derived from the movement of second substance moving down its concentration gradient to move a substance against its concentration gradient

A

Secondary active transport (coupled transport)

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40
Q

General term for vesicular transport mechanisms that bring large particles or objects into a cell.

A

endocytosis

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41
Q

Vesicular transport used to excrete substances from a cell.

A

exocytosis

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42
Q

Engulfment of large particles -even whole cells - by specialized cells such as white blood cells.

A

phagocytosis

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43
Q

Nonspecific intake of proteins by most cells is by this vesicular transport process.

A

pinocytosis

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44
Q

Selective intake of specific substance by vesicular transport

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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45
Q

Cell communication through direct contact often involves the

A

Glycocalyx

46
Q

In general, ligands (signals) interact with one of these three cell receptor types

A

Channel (chemically) linked, enzymatic, G protein-coupled

47
Q

Name the organelle that consists of sacs and tubules involved in synthesis of proteins (in the rough variety) and carbohydrates and lipids (in the smooth variety).

A

endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Name the organelle responsible for packaging cell products for secretion.

A

Golgi complex

49
Q

This structure, made by the Golgi apparatus, stores cell products and releases them via exocytosis.

A

secretory vesicle

50
Q

Name the organelle that digests particles that a cell has endocytosed.

A

lysosome

51
Q

Name the organelle responsible for breaking down amino acids and fatty acids; it is abundant in cells active in detoxification

A

peroxisome

52
Q

Name the organelle responsible for manufacturing most ATP.

A

mitochondrion (mitochondria, plural)

53
Q

These small organelles are the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

54
Q

Name the organelle responsible for breaking down proteins within a cells.

A

proteasome

55
Q

Name the organelle that organizes the spindle fibers and is necessary for cell division

A

centriole

56
Q

These cytoskeletal proteins push the chromosomes around during cell division.

A

spindle fibers

57
Q

The only location for a _________ in humans is on the sperm; it propels the entire cell.

A

Flagellum

58
Q

These hair-like extensions on the surfaces of some cells provide a way to move fluid over the surface of the cell.

A

cilia

59
Q

These finger-like projections from a cell’s surface increase the absorptive ability of a cell by increasing its surface area. In some cases, they form a thick layer called the brush border.

A

microvilli

60
Q

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction prevents materials from moving between cells

A

Tight junction

61
Q

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction prevents cells from being pulled apart.

A

Desmosome

62
Q

This type of cell-to-cell membrane junction allows adjacent cells to move materials directly from one cell to another

A

Gap junction

63
Q

This type of membrane junction anchors the basal layer of certain types of cells to the underlying components

A

Hemidesmosome

64
Q

The ______ ______ is a double membrane with pores; the outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Nuclear envelope

65
Q

. Name the organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes

A

Nucleus

66
Q

Name the region in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing ribosomal RNA.

A

nucleolus

67
Q

The ______ ______ is a double membrane with pores; the outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Nuclear envelope

68
Q

Name the organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes.

A

Nucleus

69
Q

Name the region in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing ribosomal RNA

A

nucleolus

70
Q

In a cell that is not dividing, the filamentous mass of DNA and DNA associated proteins are collectively named

A

Chromatin

71
Q

The segment of DNA that functions as a discrete unit in DNA expression and codes for one polypeptide

A

Gene

72
Q

Term for all the genes of one person

A

genome

73
Q

The system that enables 4 nucleotides to distinguish the 20 different amino acids

A

genetic code

74
Q

The structures required for transcription are

A

DNA, ribonucleotides, RNA polymerase

75
Q

The manufacture of RNA from DNA, within the nucleus of a cell

A

transcription

76
Q

DNA is unwound and hydrogen bonds broken in this part of transcription.

A

Initiation

77
Q

RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together after base pairing in this part of transcription.

A

Elongation

78
Q

The mRNA is completed and DNA hydrogen bonds & rewinds in this part of transcription

A

Termination

79
Q

The purines found in DNA and RNA

A

adenine, guanine

80
Q

The pyrimidines found in RNA

A

cytosine, thymine

81
Q

The base pairs, from the law of complementary base pairing

A

A-T and G-C

82
Q

The sugar in RNA, instead of the deoxyribose in DNA

A

ribose

83
Q

DNA or RNA: which is double-stranded?

A

DNA

84
Q

The required structures for translation are

A

Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA and amino acids

85
Q

The manufacture of protein from RNA, in the cytoplasm of a cell

A

Translation

86
Q

The type of RNA that is a mirror-image copy of the gene and controls the sequence of amino acids when a protein is made

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

87
Q

The type of RNA that is found in the protein-making organelles of a cell

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

88
Q

The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the proteinmaking organelles in the cytoplasm

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

89
Q

The base sequence AUG is always found at the beginning end of mRNA is the

A

Start codon

90
Q

One of these three sequences, UAA, UAG or UGA, is the ____ _____ that ends the translation of mRNA.

A

Stop codon

91
Q

The sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

A

base triplet

92
Q

The sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

A

codon

93
Q

The sequence of 3 tRNA nucleotides that specifies a single amino acid

A

anticodon

94
Q

The three steps of translation are

A

Initiation, elongation and termination

95
Q

The beginning of mRNA translation is _____ as the ribosome subunits and tRNA carrying methionine and the mRNA assemble.

A

Initiation

96
Q

Charged tRNAs pair their anticodons with the codons on mRNA during the ____ phase of translation.

A

Elongation

97
Q

A release factor binds at the stop codon of mRNA during the _____ phase of translation

A

Termination

98
Q

DNA is considered the control center of the cell because

A

It directs the protein synthesis

99
Q

This type of cell division results in two identical daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

100
Q

This type of cell division results in 4 genetically dissimilar cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

101
Q

The first gap phase, the stage in a cell cycle right after division, in which the cell grows and functions

A

G1

102
Q

The synthesis phase in a cell cycle, in which DNA replication occurs; this is the phase in which DNA is most susceptible to mutation

A

S

103
Q

The term used for making new copies of a cell’s DNA in preparation for cell division

A

replication

104
Q

This brief interval after the S phase includes replication of centrioles and preparation for division

A

G2

105
Q

The term for the stage of a cell that is not preparing to divide; the cell is performing its specialized functions

A

G0

106
Q

The mitotic stage in which chromosomes condense in preparation for cell division; each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids connected by a centromere

A

prophase

107
Q

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell

A

metaphase

108
Q

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes move to opposite poles

A

anaphase

109
Q

The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes uncoil; cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time

A

telophase

110
Q

This process evenly divides the cytoplasm and organelles between two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

111
Q

This process describes the self-induced death of a cell, or cell suicide.

A

Apoptosis

112
Q

What do “ICF” and “ECF” stand for?

A

intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid

A&P 1 Chapters 1-4 (3 decks)

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