Chapters 14-16 Flashcards
How are muscles named?
Location,Function,Shape Direction of fibres Number of heads Points of attachment Size (small,medium,large)
Skeletal Muscles
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of mastication (Chewing)
Muscles that move the head
Trunk Muscles
Muscles of Thorax
Muscles of Abdominal wall
Muscles of back
Muscles of liver
Points of attachment for muscles
Origin
Insertion
Origin
Point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts
Insertion
Point of attachment that moves when muscles contract
Upper extremity muscles
Muscles acting on the shoulder gridle Located anterior (Chest) Located Posterior (Back and Neck)
Muscles that allow for extensive movement
Muscles that move the arm
Muscles that move the forearm
Muscles that move the wrist,hand, and fingers
Muscles that move the ankle and foot
Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic Muscles
Foot muscles in the leg pull on tendons that insert on bones in the ankle and foot
What movements are extrinsic muscles responsible for?
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Inversion and Eversion
Intrinsic Muscles
Foot muscles located within the foot
What movements are intrinsic muscles responsible for?
Flexion and Extension
Abduction and Adduction of the toes
Good Posture
Centre of gravity of the body which requires the least muscular work to maintain
What systems contribute to good posture?
Nervous Respiratory Digestive Excretory Endocrine
Connective Tissue components
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
What is the Endomysium
muscle fiber, or muscle cell)
contains capillaries and nerves.
overlies the muscle fiber’s cell membrane
What is the Epimysium
fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle
What is the Perimysium
connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers.
Noninflammatory Joint Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Joint Dislocation
Sprains
Inflammatory Joint Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis (Tissues and Organs) Juvenile Arthritis (Rash,Highfever, swelling of live+Spleen) Gouty Arthritis (Excess blood levels of uric acid)
Types of Uniaxial Joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Types of Biaxial Joints
Saddle Joints
Condyloid Joints
Types of Multiaxial Joints
Ball and Socket (Spheroid) Joints
Gliding Joints
True of False: External ankle rotation injuries generally involve ligament tears rather than bone fractures
False: Bone fractures occur more often than ligament tears in this injury
1st degree Ankle Sprain
Only a few ligament fibres are damaged.
2nd degree Ankle Sprain
Refers to more extensive damage to the ligament with associated swelling.
3rd degree Ankle Spain
Complete rupture of the ligament with swelling and a possible joint dislocation.
Angular Movements of Synovial Joints
Flexion
Extension + Hypertension
Plantar Flexion + Dorsiflexion
Abduction + Adduction
Type of Hinge Joint
Elbow Joint
Type of Pivot joint
Head of radius rotating against the unla
Type of Saddle Joint
Joint of thumb
Type of Condyloid joint
Atlantooccipital joint
Type of Ball and Socket Joint
Shoulder and hip Joint
Type of Gliding Joint
Articular processes between vertebrae
Isometric Exercise
Contraction in which the muscle lengths remain the same while muscle tension increases
Isotonic Exercise
Contraction in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same
Concentric Contractions
Shortening of a muscle (Picking something up)
Eccentric Contractions
Lengthening of a muscle (Putting something down)
Each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by a single motor axon. T or F
True
What ion is used for cross bridging?
Myosin and Actin
What is Cross Bridging
attachment of myosin with actin within the muscle cell
What is Creatine Phosphate
molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain.
What does Creatine Phosphate do?
in muscle cells breaks down to provide phosphate and energy to convert ADP back to ATP.
What is Treppe?
The staircase Phenomenon: Gradual, increase in strength contraction. (Warm up reps for athletes)
Painful Contraction
Spasms of skeletal muscles and are often due to overuse and dehydration
What happens in tetany contractions
spasms or cramps throughout the body
which joints are most mobile?
Ball and Socket joints
Muscle wasting
Lack of physical activity and not using muscles (Atrophy)
Muscle growth
Strength training and physical excersize (Hypertrophy)
What are Synovial Joints
Freely moveable joints.
Uniaxial,Biaxial,Multiaxial
What are Fibrous Joints
Connective tissue joining bones and allow for limited movement
(Syndesmoses,Sutures,Gomphoses)
Slipped Disc
Herniated: Injury or weakness can cause the inner portion of the disk to protrude through the outer ring.
Housemaid’s Knee
prepatellar bursitis: caused by inflammation of a small fluid-filled sac (the bursa) in front of the kneecap.
2 types of Muscle coverings
Superficial Fascia, and Deep Fascia.
Superficial Fascia
thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath (Hypodermis)
Deep Fascia
layer of dense connective tissue which can surround individual muscles
Afferent Pathways
consists of all Incoming sensory or afferent pathways of the nervous system (Carry toward)
- Somatic sensory and Visceral sensory
Efferent Pathways
Consists of all outgoing motor or efferent pathways of the nervous system (Carry away)
- Somatic motor, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic divisions
What is CNS
Central Nervous System: functional center of the entire nervous system (Brain and Spinal cord)
What is PNS
Peripheral Nervous System: Consists of the nerve tissues that lie on the outer regions of the nervous system.
Myelin Sheath
Permits rapid conduction in nerve fibers (Speeds up impulses)
Reflex arc
Signal conduction route to and from the CNS (composed of Afferent neurons, Intraneuron and efferent neurons)
Intraneurons lie within the outer regions of the nervous system T or F?
False: Intraneurons lie in the brain and spinal cord
Astrocytes
Star shaped, largest and most numerous type of glia
What is the purpose of Astrocytes
Transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons
