Chapters 13-15 Flashcards
This group, composed primarily of the wealthy elite, was utilised by the Americans as intermediaries and exhibits of Filipino acceptance of American rule.
Ilustrados.
This battle, resulting in Bonifacio’s defeat, is noted as setting in motion developments that led to the compromise at Biak-na-bato and accommodation of ilustrado leadership under American colonialism.
Tejeros.
Name two prominent ilustrados who served in Aguinaldo’s cabinet and later occupied positions under the Americans.
Cayetano Arellano and T.H. Pardo de Tavera. (Also applies to Gregorio Araneta and Benito Legarda).
This individual was offered the premier post of Aguinaldo’s cabinet and even the presidency despite his consistently anti-independence stance.
Cayetano Arellano.
This General made a bitter comment regarding the “enlightened class” who fled Malolos upon hearing the first gun report, having previously sought honourific positions there.
General Jose Alejandrino.
Name three prominent ilustrados who went over to the Americans prior to the outbreak of hostilities.
T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano Arellano, and Benito Legarda.
This individual resigned his post in the Malolos government in January 1899 to openly side with the Americans and was rewarded with the appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Cayetano Arellano.
This individual, despite never sympathising with the Revolution against Spain, offered his services to the Americans in August 1898 and was later appointed Director of Diplomacy by T.H. Pardo de Tavera.
Aguinaldo before resigning to side with the Americans.
Name two individuals the Americans rewarded with appointments to the Philippine Commission in 1901 for their services.
T.H. Pardo de Tavera and Benito Legarda.
This individual, a former judge, was elected delegate to the Malolos Congress but chose to accept an appointment as auditor of the American military government in Negros.
Jose Luzuriaga.
This individual served as Secretary of Justice under Aguinaldo before joining the American government as prosecuting attorney of Manila.
Gregorio Araneta.
This early pro-American ilustrado was sent by General Otis to persuade Aguinaldo to negotiate after the “Benevolent Assimilation” proclamation and was later appointed to head the Philippine negotiating panel.
Florentino Torres.
This individual earned the distinction of being a precursor of Filipino negotiators more partial to the Americans, having watered down the Malolos government’s position during talks with the Americans.
Florentino Torres.
Name one individual the Americans selected for appointment to the Supreme Court while he was still officially part of the revolutionary camp as Auditor-General of War.
Rianzares Bautista.
This individual, known for negotiating the compromise at Biak-na-bato, later became President of the Malolos Congress and premier of the “Peace Cabinet,” eventually advocating annexation by the United States.
Pedro Paterno.
This individual, who had served as Governor General Augustin’s emissary to offer Aguinaldo a high commission in the Spanish army, later became Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the Paterno cabinet and an enthusiastic American collaborator.
Felipe Buencamino.
This Caviteño general, who questioned Bonifacio’s competence at Tejeros, later surrendered to the Americans and reportedly acted as a general factotum for an American captain, including cleaning his shoes.
Daniel Tirona.
According to the sources, name two myths the Americans were able to promote using the collaboration of high-ranking revolutionary leaders like the ilustrados.
The myth that Filipinos wholeheartedly accepted American rule and the myth that a spirit of altruism dictated the American decision to retain the Philippines.
According to the sources, these two key aspects of imperialist propaganda for American consumption were supported by the testimonies of Arellano, Tavera, and Legarda.
That the Filipinos could not be abandoned because they were incapable of self-government, and that the Filipinos welcomed American tutelage.
This individual, a member of the Schurman Commission, was told by Cayetano Arellano that Filipinos in certain provinces were enlightened enough to govern themselves “to a certain extent,” but not capable of independent general government.
Schurman.
This individual declared before the Taft Commission that he had never heard the word “independence” spoken in the revolt against Spain and did not think Filipinos capable of understanding it.
Benito Legarda.
This individual expressed enthusiastic acceptance of American rule, stating all efforts would be directed to “Americanizing ourselves” and adopting the American spirit.
T.H. Pardo de Tavera.
According to William Howard Taft, resistance leaders were sometimes maligned and categorised as this.
Bandits, or a “Mafia on a very large scale”.
This organisation was formed by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino to do pacification work for the Americans.
Asociacion de Paz.
