Chapters 12 and 13: DNA and RNA

Question 1

First discovered the molecule that we now know as DNA.

Answer 1

Miescher

Question 2

Experimented on pneumonia and how people got infected with it; determined that you could get infected with heat-killed bacteria if it was combined with a safe strain of the bacteria

Answer 2

Griffith

Question 3

Reconducted Griffith’s experiment to understand what caused the transformation of heat-killed pneumonia. Ultimately determined DNA to be a transforming factor.

Answer 3

Avery

Question 4

Discovered that DNA was genetic material, not protein. They did this by studying virus with radioactive isotopes. Also concluded that DNA was the genetic material in all genes, not just viruses and bacteria, but all living cells.

Answer 4

Hershey and Chase

Question 5

What are the three roles of genes?

Answer 5

Storing information, copying information, and transmitting information

Question 6

What is nucleic acid made up of?

Answer 6

nucleotides

Question 7

Nitrogen bases

Answer 7

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

Question 8

Determined that the percentage of adenine and guanine were equal and the same was for cytosine and guanine.
A–>T
C–>G

Answer 8

Chargaff’s rules

Question 9

Studied DNA using x-ray diffraction. Revealed that DNA was a double helix.

Answer 9

Rosalind Franklin

Question 10

Developed a model of DNA using Franklin’s work and ultimately proved that nucleotides met in the middle of the DNA strand.

Answer 10

Crick and Watson

Question 11

Connect fragments from lagging strands together.

Answer 11

DNA ligase

Question 12

One of the two strands that make up the double helix of the DNA. Each strand has a base that pairs with the base of another DNA strand.

Answer 12

Complimentary strand

Question 13

Process ensuring that each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA molecules. In short, it is the copying of a cell’s DNA before it divides.

Answer 13

Replication

Question 14

The enzyme responsible for unzipping the double-stranded DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

Answer 14

Helicase

Question 15

“Proofreads” each new strand which helps maximize the odds that each molecule a perfect copy of the original DNA.

Answer 15

DNA polymerase

Question 16

DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that help protect them from damage and helps cells divide

Answer 16

Telomeres

Question 17

DNA contains:

Answer 17

Deoxyribose, ATCG, 2 complementary strands

Question 18

RNA contains:

Answer 18

Ribose, AUCG, and a single strand

Question 19

Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.

Answer 19

Genes

Question 20

used for protein synthesis (the biological process in which cells make proteins).

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

What do nucleotides consist of?

Answer 21

5-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, nitrogen base (AUCG)

Question 22

carry copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins

Answer 22

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 23

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Answer 23

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Question 24

transfers each amino acid to the ribosome specified by the coded messages in RNA

Answer 24

tRNA

Question 25

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

A DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription in genes

Answer 26

TATA box

Question 27

AUG

Answer 27

start codon

Question 28

the concept that genetic information flows in one direction only, from DNA to RNA to protein

Answer 28

Central Dogma

Question 29

Sequences of DNA that aren't involved in coding for proteins

Answer 29

Introns

Question 30

Sequences of DNA that are involved in coding for proteins

Answer 30

Exons

Question 31

"language" of RNA

Answer 31

Genetic code

Question 32

How are proteins made?

Answer 32

By joining long amino acids into long chains of polypeptides = combination of the 20 different amino acids.

Question 33

a sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Answer 33

Codon

Question 34

DNA sequence

Answer 34

AGGTCGTACCAG

Question 35

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 35

Translation

Question 36

Changes in heritable genetic information.

Answer 36

Mutations

Question 37

Changes in a single gene.

Answer 37

Gene mutation

Question 38

occur at a single point in a DNA sequence

Answer 38

Point mutation

Question 39

One base is changed to another

Answer 39

Substitution

Question 40

Base is inserted into a DNA sequence

Answer 40

Insertion

Question 41

Base is removed from DNA sequence

Answer 41

Deletion

Question 42

a genetic mutation that occurs when a DNA sequence is altered by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides that aren't in multiples of three.

Answer 42

Frameshift mutations

Question 43

Produce extra copies or parts of a chromosome

Answer 43

Duplication

Question 44

When part of chromosomes breaks off and attaches to another

Answer 44

Translocation

Question 45

Mutation that involves change in the number or structure of a chromosome

Answer 45

Chromosomal mutation

Question 46

Inverse the direction of chromosomes

Answer 46

Inversion

Question 47

Can mutations be helpful?

Answer 47

Yes. Some mutations can aid in the survival of some animals.

Question 48

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that prompts the mutations

Answer 48

Mutagen

Question 49

The cells become specialized in structure and function.

Answer 49

Differentiation