Chapters 11, 12 And 14 Flashcards
What experiment did Frederick Griffith do?
He studied bacteria known as pneumococci and experimented to come firm the process of transformation in genetic material.
Chromosomes
Cellular structures that contain genetic material.
Mcloyd and McCarty
Did the experiment that determined DNA as the genetic material.
Nuclear acids
Polymers consisting of nucleotides, which are responsible for the storage expression transmission of genetic information.
Phosphodiester linkage
The backbone of DNA made up of Phosphoester bonds.
Rosalind Franklin
Used X-ray diffraction techniques to find the shape of DNA.
Watson and Crick
They propose the structure of DNA. Along with the links between nucleotides. (Used Rosalind Franklin’s experiment)
AT/GC rule
Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. Always with each other.
Meselson and Stahl
Investigated the three propose mechanisms of DNA replication. The three are known as conservative mechanism, dispersive mechanism and semi conservative mechanism.
Template strand
Also known as parental strands. And serve for the synthesis of daughter strands of DNA.
Origin of replication
Site within chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication.
DNA Helicase
The action of strand separation at each fork then moves outward from the origin.
DNA Topoisomerase
Alleviate coils from the DNA strands.
Single-stranded binding proteins
Coats both of the single strands of template DNA to prevent them from reforming a double helix.
DNA polymerase
Responsible for linking nucleotides together to form DNA strands.
Arthur Kornberg
Originally identified DNA polymerase in the 1950s.
DNA primase
Is required to synthesize DNA if the strand is bare.
Mutation
Changes in genetic material that can be inherited. It may also affect genetic blueprint by altering gene function.
Expression
It has three steps. The first step is transcription, Second is RNA processing, and the last one is translation.
mRNA
An intermediary and polypeptide synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translates the language of mRNA into that of amino acids.
Promoter
The beginning of the transcription site in the DNA.
Terminator
End of the transcription site in DNA.
Ribosomal RNA
Forms part of ribosomes, which provide the site where translation occurs.
Regulatory sequences
Function as sites for the binding of regulatory proteins.
Transcription
Has three stages: the initiation, elongation, and termination stages.
Initiation in bacteria
First step of the transcription process. It is the recognition step in which a sigma factor bind to RNA polymerase(enzyme that synthesizes strands of RNA)
Sigma factor
A protein that binds to our name polymerase. It recognizes the base sequence of a promoter and binds there. Causes the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter.
Elongation
RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA transcript. The sigma factor is released.
Template strand
DNA strand used as a template for the RNA synthesis.
Termination
The act of a RNA polymerase reaching to a terminator.
Coding strand
The opposite DNA strand of a template strand.
RNA polymerase
Three types of this enzyme are found in Eukaryotes. Them being I, II, and III.
RNA polymerase one and three
Responsible for transcribing not structural genes such as the jeans that encode tRNAs and rRNAs.
RNA polymerase 2
Responsible for transcribing mRNAs from eukaryotic structural gene.
Initiation stage in eukaryotes
RNA polymerase to requires five general transcription factors to initiate transcription.
Transcription factors
Are proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes
Pre-mRNA
A longer RNA which undergoes a certain process of events before it exits the nucleus.
Mature mRNA
Is the final product of the process pre-RNA goes through
Intron
Intervening sequences that are not translated. Are intervening regions.
Exons
Are contained in mature mRNA. Are expressed regions.
RNA splicing
Process pre-mRNA undergoes in which introns are removed and the remaining exons are connected to each other.
Spliceosome
A large complex that removes Introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA. Are composed of several different subunits known as snRNPs.
Alternate splicing
Allows a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides with differences in their amino acid sequences.
Self splicing
RNA itself can catalyze the removal of its own intron
Ribozymes
RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
Capping
Mature mRNA of eukaryotes have a modified form of guanine covalently attached to the 5’ end.
5’ cap
7-methylguanosine structure that is recognized by cap-binding proteins, which are needed for the proper exit of mRNAs from the nucleus. Once in the cytosol, it helps it not degrade and allows it to be recognized by other cap binding proteins that allow it to be translated.
Poly A tail
String of adenine nucleotides, found in mature mRNAs. It is added enzymatically pre-mRNA has been completely transcribed. Causes the mRNA to be more stable and exist longer in the cytosol.
