Chapters 11, 12 And 14

Question 1

What experiment did Frederick Griffith do?

Answer 1

He studied bacteria known as pneumococci and experimented to come firm the process of transformation in genetic material.

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

Cellular structures that contain genetic material.

Question 3

Mcloyd and McCarty

Answer 3

Did the experiment that determined DNA as the genetic material.

Question 4

Nuclear acids

Answer 4

Polymers consisting of nucleotides, which are responsible for the storage expression transmission of genetic information.

Question 5

Phosphodiester linkage

Answer 5

The backbone of DNA made up of Phosphoester bonds.

Question 6

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 6

Used X-ray diffraction techniques to find the shape of DNA.

Question 7

Watson and Crick

Answer 7

They propose the structure of DNA. Along with the links between nucleotides. (Used Rosalind Franklin’s experiment)

Question 8

AT/GC rule

Answer 8

Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. Always with each other.

Question 9

Meselson and Stahl

Answer 9

Investigated the three propose mechanisms of DNA replication. The three are known as conservative mechanism, dispersive mechanism and semi conservative mechanism.

Question 10

Template strand

Answer 10

Also known as parental strands. And serve for the synthesis of daughter strands of DNA.

Question 11

Origin of replication

Answer 11

Site within chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication.

Question 12

DNA Helicase

Answer 12

The action of strand separation at each fork then moves outward from the origin.

Question 13

DNA Topoisomerase

Answer 13

Alleviate coils from the DNA strands.

Question 14

Single-stranded binding proteins

Answer 14

Coats both of the single strands of template DNA to prevent them from reforming a double helix.

Question 15

DNA polymerase

Answer 15

Responsible for linking nucleotides together to form DNA strands.

Question 16

Arthur Kornberg

Answer 16

Originally identified DNA polymerase in the 1950s.

Question 17

DNA primase

Answer 17

Is required to synthesize DNA if the strand is bare.

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

Changes in genetic material that can be inherited. It may also affect genetic blueprint by altering gene function.

Question 19

Expression

Answer 19

It has three steps. The first step is transcription, Second is RNA processing, and the last one is translation.

Question 20

mRNA

Answer 20

An intermediary and polypeptide synthesis.

Question 21

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 21

Translates the language of mRNA into that of amino acids.

Question 22

Promoter

Answer 22

The beginning of the transcription site in the DNA.

Question 23

Terminator

Answer 23

End of the transcription site in DNA.

Question 24

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 24

Forms part of ribosomes, which provide the site where translation occurs.

Question 25

Regulatory sequences

Answer 25

Function as sites for the binding of regulatory proteins.

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

Has three stages: the initiation, elongation, and termination stages.

Question 27

Initiation in bacteria

Answer 27

First step of the transcription process. It is the recognition step in which a sigma factor bind to RNA polymerase(enzyme that synthesizes strands of RNA)

Question 28

Sigma factor

Answer 28

A protein that binds to our name polymerase. It recognizes the base sequence of a promoter and binds there. Causes the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter.

Question 29

Elongation

Answer 29

RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA transcript. The sigma factor is released.

Question 30

Template strand

Answer 30

DNA strand used as a template for the RNA synthesis.

Question 31

Termination

Answer 31

The act of a RNA polymerase reaching to a terminator.

Question 32

Coding strand

Answer 32

The opposite DNA strand of a template strand.

Question 33

RNA polymerase

Answer 33

Three types of this enzyme are found in Eukaryotes. Them being I, II, and III.

Question 34

RNA polymerase one and three

Answer 34

Responsible for transcribing not structural genes such as the jeans that encode tRNAs and rRNAs.

Question 35

RNA polymerase 2

Answer 35

Responsible for transcribing mRNAs from eukaryotic structural gene.

Question 36

Initiation stage in eukaryotes

Answer 36

RNA polymerase to requires five general transcription factors to initiate transcription.

Question 37

Transcription factors

Answer 37

Are proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

Question 38

Pre-mRNA

Answer 38

A longer RNA which undergoes a certain process of events before it exits the nucleus.

Question 39

Mature mRNA

Answer 39

Is the final product of the process pre-RNA goes through

Question 40

Intron

Answer 40

Intervening sequences that are not translated. Are intervening regions.

Question 41

Exons

Answer 41

Are contained in mature mRNA. Are expressed regions.

Question 42

RNA splicing

Answer 42

Process pre-mRNA undergoes in which introns are removed and the remaining exons are connected to each other.

Question 43

Spliceosome

Answer 43

A large complex that removes Introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA. Are composed of several different subunits known as snRNPs.

Question 44

Alternate splicing

Answer 44

Allows a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides with differences in their amino acid sequences.

Question 45

Self splicing

Answer 45

RNA itself can catalyze the removal of its own intron

Question 46

Ribozymes

Answer 46

RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction.

Question 47

Capping

Answer 47

Mature mRNA of eukaryotes have a modified form of guanine covalently attached to the 5’ end.

Question 48

5’ cap

Answer 48

7-methylguanosine structure that is recognized by cap-binding proteins, which are needed for the proper exit of mRNAs from the nucleus. Once in the cytosol, it helps it not degrade and allows it to be recognized by other cap binding proteins that allow it to be translated.

Question 49

Poly A tail

Answer 49

String of adenine nucleotides, found in mature mRNAs. It is added enzymatically pre-mRNA has been completely transcribed. Causes the mRNA to be more stable and exist longer in the cytosol.