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PSYC 424: Neuropsychology > Chapters 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior/rostral

A

front

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1
Q

posterior/caudal

A

back

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2
Q

inferior

A

below (toward ventral)

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3
Q

superior

A

above (toward dorsal)

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4
Q

medial

A

middle

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5
Q

lateral

A

side/away from middle

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6
Q

three principal planes of reference

A

coronal, sagittal, horizontal

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7
Q

coronal

A

cut in half by hemispheres

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8
Q

sagittal

A

cut in half by front and back

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9
Q

horizontal

A

cut in half horizontally

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10
Q

gyrus (gyri)

A

a small protrusion of bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

sulcus (sulci)

A

a groove in brain matter, often found in the neocortex or cerebellum

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12
Q

fissure

A

a very deep sulcus

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13
Q

neuropsychology

A

the study of the relationship between behavior, mental processes, and biological factors
- nervous system
- biochemistry
- hormones
- genetics

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14
Q

neuroscience

A

the overarching discipline that covers many areas dealing with the nervous system

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15
Q

ancient civilization and the brain

A

craniotonomy-skulls were opened and brains were exposed since the Paleolithic and Neolithic times
- usually undertaken to treat head injuries
- how much evidence about brain functions was brought from that era is lost because of the absence of written language among these early people

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16
Q

Edwin Smith surgical papyrus

A
  • dated to 1700 BCE
  • first recorded writing about the brain
  • Egyptians thought the brain was less important than other organs –> during mummification they would remove the brain and throw it away
  • Greeks started seeing the importance of the brain
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17
Q

The Canon of Medicine by Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna c. 1025

A
  • Persians compiled first medical textbook
  • used as standard medical textbook through the 18th century in Europe and the Islamic world
  • divided into 5 books
  • style of this textbook is still used in Western medical education today
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18
Q

trepanation

A
  • first attempt at brain surgery
  • boring holes in the head
  • relieve pressure, drain puss, or let out evil spirits
  • blacksmiths performed this
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19
Q

Renaissance

A
  • artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo began depicting the brain and nervous system in art
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20
Q

monism

A

the mind is what the brain does; they are one

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21
Q

lesion studies (19th century)

A

the birth of modern neuropsychology

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22
Q

19th and 20th century

A
  • time of great advancements in research methods, theories, and staining techniques
  • Charles Darwin
  • Wilhelm Wundt (first to study the mind as separate from other fields)
  • Camillo Golgi
  • Santiago Ramón y Cajal
  • phrenology
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23
Q

phrenology

A

pseudoscience about reading the bumps on the skull
- Franz Josef Gall
- named the bones of the skull first, then named brain lobes after them

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24
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

inability to produce words (vocally)

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25
Q

Broca and the localization of speech

A

exhibited the brain of his patient “Tan” who had died only the day before and who had not been able to speak normally, with the only that he was able to utter was “Tan”
- lesion lay in the posterior part of the left frontal lobe

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26
Q

dorsal

A

top

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27
Q

ventral

A

bottom

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28
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side
- same side of the body as the hemisphere

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29
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side
- opposite side of the body as the hemisphere

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30
Q

meninges

A

the protective sheath around brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

dura mater

A

tough, flexible outermost meninx; thick outer meninges layer against the skull

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32
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the meninges; web-like membrane between the dura and pia mater; contains CSF and blood vessels

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33
Q

pia mater

A

last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain; thin membrane following the contours of the cerebral cortex

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34
Q

layers outside of the brain

A

skull –> dura mater –> arachnoid membrane –> pia mater –> subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

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35
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies
- outer part of the brain
- inner layer of the spinal cord

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36
Q

white matter

A

nerve tracts; myelin sheaths of the neuron
- inner part of the brain
- outer layer of the spinal cord

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37
Q

ventricles

A

set of holes within brain filled with CSF

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38
Q

epidural hematoma

A

a collection of blood that pools in the space between the skull and dura mater

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39
Q

subdural hematoma

A

a collection of blood that pools in the space between dura and arachnoid space

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40
Q

treatment of hematoma when there is inflammation

A

remove a portion of the skull to relieve pressure on inflammation

41
Q

ventricular system and production of CSF

A
  • production of CSF begins in the lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
  • CSF goes into third ventricles then cerebral aqueduct then fourth ventricle
  • CSF goes outside to buffer the cerebral cortex
  • as CSF flows, it picks up cell waste
  • drains CSF in the arachnoid granulations into the veins so that the CSF is carried to other parts of the body and, ultimately, the heart
42
Q

ependymal cells

A

make up the walls of the lateral ventricles and produces CSF that is released into the lateral ventricles

43
Q

the brain receives blood supply from four arteries

A
  • two internal carotid arteries
  • two vertebral arteries
44
Q

arch of the aorta

A
  • right common carotid artery
  • left common carotid artery
  • right vertebral artery (off the right subclavian artery)
  • left vertebral artery (off the left subclavian artery)
45
Q

right common carotid artery

A
  • right external carotid artery
  • right internal carotid artery
46
Q

left common carotid artery

A
  • left external carotid artery
  • left internal carotid artery
47
Q

blood supply of the central nervous system

A
  • begins in the arch of the aorta and leaves through the external carotid arteries (goes to the face), common carotid arteries (goes to the brain), and vertebral arteries
  • vertebral arteries feed the spinal cord
  • internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries carry blood to the Circle of Willis
  • vertebral arteries carry blood to the occipital lobe
48
Q

the two vertebral arteries unite to form…

A

basilar artery

49
Q

basilar artery bifurcates into…

A

two posterior cerebral arteries

50
Q

principal branches of the internal carotid artery

A

anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery

51
Q

through the principal branches of the internal carotid artery…

A

supplies both cortical and sub-cortical structures of the brain

52
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

gives rise to central artery of retina; supplies the retina

53
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

supplies posterior part of the cerebrum

54
Q

feed the pons

A

basilar artery and pontine arteries

55
Q

pontine arteries

A

come off of the basilar artery

56
Q

internal carotid artery feeds 5 branches

A
  • ophthalmic artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • anterior choroidal artery
57
Q

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

feeds the cerebellum; comes off the basilar artery

58
Q

vertebral artery

A

feeds the spinal cord

59
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

feeds the two hemispheres

60
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

feeds the cerebellum; comes off the vertebral arteries

61
Q

there are __ of each artery

A

2
- exception is basilar artery

62
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

63
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves outside the CNS throughout the body
- cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, spinal nerves

64
Q

two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

65
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

66
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conscious muscle movement

67
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

not consciously controlled

68
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight— high arousal

69
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

low arousal; regulates movment and the internal environment
- afferent neurons transmit information to the central nervous system
- efferent neurons transmit information away from the central nervous system

70
Q

neuron pathways of the spinal cord

A
  • sensory neurons go from the skin or viscera to the dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, then interneurons of the spinal cord
  • somatic motor neurons go from the interneurons of the spinal cord to the ventral root then skeletal muscles
  • preganglionic neurons go from the interneurons of the spinal cord to the ventral root, autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron, then viscera
71
Q

viscera

A

internal organs

72
Q

layers of the spinal cord

A

discs of fatty tissue (for cushioning) –> bone of spinal cord (vertebrae) –> dura mater –> arachnoid membrane –> pia mater

73
Q

CSF and the spinal cord

A

surrounds the outside of the spinal cord as well as goes through the center of the butterfly of the spinal cord

74
Q

layers of the bones (vertebrae) of the spine (from bottom to top)

A

coccyx and sacral vertebrae (fused) [S1-5] –> lumbar vertebrae (L1-5) –> thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) –> cervical vertebrae (C1-8)

75
Q

dermatome

A

refers to the cutaneous area innervated by fibers from a single dorsal roots (dorsal side of the spinal cord)

76
Q

What is the spinal cord made of?

A

gray and white matter

77
Q

gray matter of the spinal cord organized in two different ways

A

nuclei or Rexed Laminae

78
Q

nuclei organization of spinal cord

A

organized by nuclei (somas) based on collective function; location

79
Q

Rexed Laminae organization of the spinal cord

A

organized by layers (laminae) within the spinal cord where cells were grouped according to their structure and function, rather than solely on location

80
Q

interneurons

A

only located in the central nervous system

81
Q

spinal cord sensory pathways

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • dorsal columns
  • medial leminiscus tract
82
Q

dorsal columns

A

fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus

83
Q

spinothalamic tract

A
  • major sensory pathway
  • function: pain and temperature; some touch pressure
  • originates: dorsal horn (laminae I, IV, V)
  • courses: crosses immediately in spinal cord; synapse at thalamus
  • terminates: somatosensory areas of cortex
  • neurons of the arms connect to C8 through the dorsal horn
  • neurons of the legs connect to L4 through the dorsal horn
84
Q

dorsal columns (DCs)

A
  • major sensory pathway
  • function: touch (two-point, discriminative), vibration, position sense (static and kinesthesia)
  • originates: from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia
  • courses: topographically within the dorsal funiculus (white matter)
  • terminates: medulla (1st order neurons)
  • crosses the spinal cord at the medulla into the medial leminiscus tract
  • lower extremities course through the fasciculus gracilis; connect to L4
  • upper extremities course through the fasciculus cuneatus; connect to C8
85
Q

medial leminiscus tract

A
  • begins after the dorsal columns synapse in the medulla and crosses the spinal cord
  • function: touch (two-point, discriminative), vibration, position sense (static and kinesthesia)
  • originates: at medulla (continuation of dorsal columns), crosses immediately to contralateral side, 2nd order neurons
  • courses: ipsilateral; synapses at thalamus (VPL nucleus) and become 3rd order neurons
  • terminates: somatosensory areas of cortex
86
Q

first order sensory neurons

A

located roughly in the extremities

87
Q

second order sensory neurons

A

located roughly in the spinal cord

88
Q

third order sensory neurons

A

located roughly in the brain

89
Q

first order motor neurons

A

located roughly in the brain

90
Q

second order motor neurons

A

located roughly in the spinal cord

91
Q

third order motor neurons

A

located roughly in the extremities

92
Q

why ordered neurons are opposite directions for sensory and motor neurons

A

sensory is afferent whereas motor is efferent

93
Q

motor pathways of the spinal cord split into two categories

A

direct pathway, indirect pathway

94
Q

direct pathway of the motor pathways of the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract

95
Q

indirect pathways of the motor pathways of the spinal cord

A

reticulospinal tract, mesencephalospinal, vestibulospinal

96
Q

all motor pathways are subject to modulation by…

A

cerebellum, basal ganglia

97
Q

corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

A
  • direct pathway of motor pathways
  • function: modulates sensory afferents, controls gross limb movements and rapid movements, controls independent digit movement
  • originates: motor and somatosensory cortexes (first order neurons)
  • courses: ipsilateral to medulla then crosses (75-90%) in the medulla (pyramidal decussation); descends to all spinal cord levels
  • terminates: dorsal horn, intermediate gray, and ventral horn (second order neurons) to the skeletal muscles (third order neurons)
98
Q

upper motor neuron signs (due to lesions involving lateral corticospinal and descending motor tracts)

A
  • loss (paralysis) or diminution (paresis) of movement
  • increase in muscle tone (spasticity)
  • hyperreflexia (exaggerated deep tendon [myotatic] reflexes
  • clonus
  • abnormal superficial reflexes
  • babinski sign
  • all are ipsilateral (when lesionis in the spinal cord) and below the level of the spinal cord lesion
99
Q

lower motor neuron signs (due to lesions involving anterior horn cells)

A
  • loss (paralysis) or diminution (paresis) of movement
  • decrease in muscle tone (hypotonia)
  • hyporeflexia (decrease) or areflexia (absent) deep tendon (myotatic) reflexes
  • fibrillations and/or fasciculations (spontaneous activity of muscle fibers at rest)
  • muscle atrophy

PSYC 424: Neuropsychology (14 decks)

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