Chapter 7 Flashcards
prefrontal cortex
frontal lobe; decision making, planning
motor cortex
frontal lobe; control of skeletal muscles
Broca’s area
frontal lobe; forming speech
auditory cortex
temporal lobe; hearing
- where the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN 8) goes
Wernicke’s area
temporal lobe; comprehending language
visual cortex
occipital lobe; processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition
- rough outlines
visual association cortex
occipital lobe; combining images and object recognition
- assigning meaning to image
sensory association cortex
parietal lobe; integration of sensory information
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe; sense of touch
frontal lobe
decision making, motivation, attention, higher cognitive reasoning
- prefrontal cortex
- motor cortex (primary motor cortex and premotor cortex)
- frontal eye field (FEF)
- Broca’s area
- supplementary motor area (SMA)
temporal lobe
language, visual and auditory perception
- auditory cortex
- Wernicke’s area
occipital lobe
visual processing
- visual cortex (V1)
- visual association cortex (V2)
parietal lobe
integration of sensory information
- somatosensory cortex
- sensory association cortex
telencephalon
the cerebrum
boundaries of frontal lobe
- bounded posteriorly by central sulcus
- bounded inferiorly by lateral (sylvian) sulcus
boundaries of parietal lobe
- bounded anteriorly by central sulcus
- bounded inferiorly by lateral (sylvian) sulcus
- bounded posteriorly by parieto-occipital sulcus
- a line between pre-occipital notch
- medial extension of the parieto-occipital sulcus
boundaries of temporal lobe
- bounded superiorly by the lateral sulcus
- bounded posteriorly by a line connection the superior end of the parieto-occipital sulcus to pre-occipital notch
boundaries of occipital lobe
- separated anteriorly from the parietal and temporal lobes by a line extending from the superior end of the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occipital notch (both on the medial and lateral sides)
nomenclature for cerebrum
Brodmann’s versus named sulci and gyri
Broddman
areas were originally defined and numbered based on the cytoarchitectural (cells) organization of neurons using the Nissl method of cell staining
Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3
primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann area 4
primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex (area 4) (M1)
- frontal lobe
- precentral gyrus
- somatotopic maps of contralateral body movements present
- all regions of the body that have voluntary movements
- body region not proportional
- principal target for cerebellar and motor thalamus projections –> CST (body), CBT (face)
- function: works in association with other motor areas including premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, sensory and posterior parietal cortex, and several subcortical brain regions, to plan and execute movements
- lesion: varied degrees of focal paralysis in the contralateral side of the body/face
premotor cortex (PMC) (area 6)
- frontal lobe
- involved in initiating movements
- concerned with coordinating motor plans related to external cues
- activity greater in response to external cues than internally generated plans
- inputs: parietal lobe, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex
- outputs: primary motor cortex
- lesion: impairments in motor learning and execution
frontal eye field (FEF) (area 8)
- function: for voluntary lateral (horizontal) gaze
- lesions: lesioned eyes turn to side of lesion (transiently); cannot gaze voluntarily to contralateral side
Doll’s eye maneuver (oculocephalic reflex)
can rule out cranial nerves 3, 4, 6, and 8 (damage at level of brainstem); does NOT rule out damage to frontal eye field
supplementary motor area (SMA)
- frontal lobe
- SMA and the more lateral PMC neurons control hierarchically the activity of the primary motor cortex neurons
- stimulation of SMA produces “urge” to perform movements
- outputs: to primary motor cortex
- inputs: prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia; places SMA in strategic position
- lesion: akinetic mutism; cannot follow command of voluntary movement including speech
prefrontal cortex
- located anterior the motor functional area (i.e., 4, 6, and 8) are considered the prefrontal cortex
- outputs to SMA and PMC
- active when planning behaviors
- active when new motor skills are being acquired
- includes areas that mediate higher mental functions
- language area located here: Broca’s area
