Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 424: Neuropsychology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

cell that is the main regulator in the adaptive immune response

A

helper T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HIV’s preferred host

A

helper T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when pathogens enter a cut…

A

they go to the nearest lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

essence of vaccines

A

memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

vaccines

A

1) dead form of virus
or
2) DNA or RNA of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

A

helper T cell, memory helper T cells, cytotioxic T cell, active crytotoxic T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, B cell, plasma cells, memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tumor

A

your own cells proliferating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

linked to an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

sickness, stress, depression, aging, and other somatic conditions that detrimentally affect cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_________ may benefit from anti-inflammatory immune requirement

A

hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cytokines principally shown to have a detrimental effect on cognitive function

A

TDN, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

innate immune cells

A

(both peripheral and CNS resident) were proposed as the source of pro-inflammatory cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chroid plexus

A

source of most of the CSF; CSF produced in chroid plexus flows within the confines of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functions of CSF

A

1) CSF in the subarachnoid space has a “buoyant” function and also a “buffering” zome for a brain located within a rigid skull
2) regulation of the extracellular environment of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CSF drains into cervical lymph nodes

A

enabling peripheral T cells to respond to CNS antigens under certain pathological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

plausible that neuroimmune interactions affecting learning and memory originate in…

A

the meninges and choroid plexus/ventricular areas rather than in the parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • autoimmune demyelinating disease
  • affects transmission of neural messages
  • the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, thinking that it is a foreign body
  • occurs at scattered locations within the central nervous system
  • process leaves hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks

A
  • white blood cells attack neurons
  • affect fatty tissues (myelin) around the nerve fibers in brain, spinal cord
  • nerve signals are slowed or blacked, causes MS symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MS treatment

A
  • interferon beta
  • glatiramer acetate (also known as copaxone or copolymer-1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pregnancy and MS

A
  • higher prevalence of MS in females compared to males and a decrease in disease activity during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester
  • fetus represents an “allograft” since it harbors antigens inherited from the father and the natural immunomodulation is thus important to prevent fetal rejection
  • pregnancy is characterized by the presence of potentially neuroprotective hormones including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

estrogen and MS treatment

A
  • estriol was administered in a pilot clinical trial to women with MS in an attempt to recapitulate the protective effect of pregnancy on disease
  • oral estriol treatment was associated with significant decreases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
  • reductions of enhancing lesions in brain
21
Q

encephalitis

A

when the brain is inflamed caused by herpes simplex virus, rabies, or acute anterior poliomyelitis reaching the brain

22
Q

rabies

A

fatal viral disease that causes brain damage and is usually transmitted through bite of infected animal

23
Q

acute anterior poliomyelitis

A

viral disease that destroys motor neurons of brain and spinal cord

24
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation or swelling of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by viruses or bacteria

25
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • mad cow disease
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  • can be transmitted to humans
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease a variant
  • prion
  • sporadic disease - occurs rarely and is not obviously caused by heredity or infectious agent
  • result in progressive degeneration of the brain and eventual death
  • PrP^Sc
26
Q

prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particle

27
Q

types of prions

A
  • scrapie in sheep
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD) in humans
  • kuru in humans
28
Q

PrP^Sc

A
  • mad cow disease
  • causes PrP^C protein to change its conformation to abnormal form
  • newly produced PrP^Sc molecules convert more normal molecules to the abnormal form through unknown mechanism
29
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A
  • degenerative brain disorder of unknown origin
  • causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death
  • amyloid plaque
  • beta-amyloid
  • neurofibrillary tangle beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
  • secretase
30
Q

detrimental effects of neuroimmune interactions

A
  • autoimmunity
  • onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease
  • exacerbation of injury-induced loss of neuronal function
31
Q

general functions of immunity when it works

A
  • defend against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, etc.
  • destroy and recycle worn-out cells
  • identify and destroy abnormal (cancer) cells
32
Q

general functions of immunity when it doesn’t work

A
  • allergies
  • autoimmune diseases
  • limits tissue/organ transplants
33
Q

types of immunity

A
  • innate
  • acquired
34
Q

innate immunity

A
  • non-specific
  • inherited
  • rapid
  • no memory
35
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • specific
  • adaptive
  • slower
  • memory
36
Q

pathogens

A

agents that cause disease

37
Q

response in immune system

A
  • dedicated cells of the immune system interact with and destroy pathogens
  • first lines of defense help prevent pathogens from gaining entry to the body (e.g., skin, mucus, hair)
  • second and third lines of defense: innate and adaptive immunity
38
Q

recognition in immune system

A

molecular recognition allows detection of non-self molecules, particles, and cells

39
Q

who has innate immunity

A

all animals and plants
- defense active immediately upon infection
- includes barrier defenses

40
Q

who has adaptive immunity

A

vertebrates
- activated after the innate response and develops more slowly

41
Q

overview of innate immunity

A
  • recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors
  • rapid response
  • barrier defenses: skin, mucous membranes, secretions
  • internal defenses: phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response
42
Q

barrier defenses

A

include the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes
- lysozymes in saliva, mucus, and tears can destroy bacteria
- the low pH of skin and the digestive system prevents growth of many bacteria

43
Q

overview of adaptive immunity

A
  • recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
  • slower response
  • humoral response: antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
  • cell-mediated response: cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells
44
Q

cells of the immune system

A

white blood cells
- less than 1% contained in blood
- rest contained in tissues of the immune system

45
Q

lymph

A

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

46
Q

tissues of the immune system

A
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphocyte accumulation in small intestine
47
Q

bone marrow

A

site of B-cell development

48
Q
A

PSYC 424: Neuropsychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions