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PSYC 424: Neuropsychology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

cell that is the main regulator in the adaptive immune response

A

helper T cell

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2
Q

HIV’s preferred host

A

helper T cell

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3
Q

when pathogens enter a cut…

A

they go to the nearest lymph node

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4
Q

essence of vaccines

A

memory cells

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5
Q

vaccines

A

1) dead form of virus
or
2) DNA or RNA of the virus

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6
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

A

helper T cell, memory helper T cells, cytotioxic T cell, active crytotoxic T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, B cell, plasma cells, memory B cells

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7
Q

tumor

A

your own cells proliferating

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8
Q

linked to an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

sickness, stress, depression, aging, and other somatic conditions that detrimentally affect cognitive functions

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9
Q

_________ may benefit from anti-inflammatory immune requirement

A

hippocampus

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10
Q

cytokines principally shown to have a detrimental effect on cognitive function

A

TDN, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12

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11
Q

innate immune cells

A

(both peripheral and CNS resident) were proposed as the source of pro-inflammatory cytokines

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12
Q

chroid plexus

A

source of most of the CSF; CSF produced in chroid plexus flows within the confines of the meninges

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13
Q

functions of CSF

A

1) CSF in the subarachnoid space has a “buoyant” function and also a “buffering” zome for a brain located within a rigid skull
2) regulation of the extracellular environment of neurons

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14
Q

CSF drains into cervical lymph nodes

A

enabling peripheral T cells to respond to CNS antigens under certain pathological conditions

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15
Q

plausible that neuroimmune interactions affecting learning and memory originate in…

A

the meninges and choroid plexus/ventricular areas rather than in the parenchyma

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16
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • autoimmune demyelinating disease
  • affects transmission of neural messages
  • the immune system attacks the myelin sheath, thinking that it is a foreign body
  • occurs at scattered locations within the central nervous system
  • process leaves hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques
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17
Q

how multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks

A
  • white blood cells attack neurons
  • affect fatty tissues (myelin) around the nerve fibers in brain, spinal cord
  • nerve signals are slowed or blacked, causes MS symptoms
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18
Q

MS treatment

A
  • interferon beta
  • glatiramer acetate (also known as copaxone or copolymer-1)
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19
Q

pregnancy and MS

A
  • higher prevalence of MS in females compared to males and a decrease in disease activity during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester
  • fetus represents an “allograft” since it harbors antigens inherited from the father and the natural immunomodulation is thus important to prevent fetal rejection
  • pregnancy is characterized by the presence of potentially neuroprotective hormones including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin
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20
Q

estrogen and MS treatment

A
  • estriol was administered in a pilot clinical trial to women with MS in an attempt to recapitulate the protective effect of pregnancy on disease
  • oral estriol treatment was associated with significant decreases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
  • reductions of enhancing lesions in brain
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21
Q

encephalitis

A

when the brain is inflamed caused by herpes simplex virus, rabies, or acute anterior poliomyelitis reaching the brain

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22
Q

rabies

A

fatal viral disease that causes brain damage and is usually transmitted through bite of infected animal

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23
Q

acute anterior poliomyelitis

A

viral disease that destroys motor neurons of brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation or swelling of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by viruses or bacteria

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25
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • mad cow disease
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  • can be transmitted to humans
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease a variant
  • prion
  • sporadic disease - occurs rarely and is not obviously caused by heredity or infectious agent
  • result in progressive degeneration of the brain and eventual death
  • PrP^Sc
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26
Q

prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particle

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27
Q

types of prions

A
  • scrapie in sheep
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD) in humans
  • kuru in humans
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28
Q

PrP^Sc

A
  • mad cow disease
  • causes PrP^C protein to change its conformation to abnormal form
  • newly produced PrP^Sc molecules convert more normal molecules to the abnormal form through unknown mechanism
29
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A
  • degenerative brain disorder of unknown origin
  • causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death
  • amyloid plaque
  • beta-amyloid
  • neurofibrillary tangle beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
  • secretase
30
Q

detrimental effects of neuroimmune interactions

A
  • autoimmunity
  • onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease
  • exacerbation of injury-induced loss of neuronal function
31
Q

general functions of immunity when it works

A
  • defend against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, etc.
  • destroy and recycle worn-out cells
  • identify and destroy abnormal (cancer) cells
32
Q

general functions of immunity when it doesn’t work

A
  • allergies
  • autoimmune diseases
  • limits tissue/organ transplants
33
Q

types of immunity

A
  • innate
  • acquired
34
Q

innate immunity

A
  • non-specific
  • inherited
  • rapid
  • no memory
35
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • specific
  • adaptive
  • slower
  • memory
36
Q

pathogens

A

agents that cause disease

37
Q

response in immune system

A
  • dedicated cells of the immune system interact with and destroy pathogens
  • first lines of defense help prevent pathogens from gaining entry to the body (e.g., skin, mucus, hair)
  • second and third lines of defense: innate and adaptive immunity
38
Q

recognition in immune system

A

molecular recognition allows detection of non-self molecules, particles, and cells

39
Q

who has innate immunity

A

all animals and plants
- defense active immediately upon infection
- includes barrier defenses

40
Q

who has adaptive immunity

A

vertebrates
- activated after the innate response and develops more slowly

41
Q

overview of innate immunity

A
  • recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors
  • rapid response
  • barrier defenses: skin, mucous membranes, secretions
  • internal defenses: phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response
42
Q

barrier defenses

A

include the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
- mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes
- lysozymes in saliva, mucus, and tears can destroy bacteria
- the low pH of skin and the digestive system prevents growth of many bacteria

43
Q

overview of adaptive immunity

A
  • recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
  • slower response
  • humoral response: antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
  • cell-mediated response: cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells
44
Q

cells of the immune system

A

white blood cells
- less than 1% contained in blood
- rest contained in tissues of the immune system

45
Q

lymph

A

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells that drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

46
Q

tissues of the immune system

A
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphocyte accumulation in small intestine
47
Q

bone marrow

A

site of B-cell development

48
Q

VAN

A

vein, artery, nerve
- any time there is a nerve, it is connected to a vein and an artery

49
Q

leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells
  • all arise from pluripotent stem cells
50
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

in bone marrow; give rise to T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
- B cells mature inside bone marrow
- T cells migrate to thymus to mature
- once mature, both move to peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen) where they carry out their effects

51
Q

three types of phagocytic cells in mammals

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

52
Q

neutrophils

A

circulate in the blood; go up in numbers to indicate onset of infection

53
Q

macrophages

A

often reside permanently in organs and tissues
- stays

type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, remove dead cells, and stimulates actions of other immune system cells

54
Q

dendritic cells

A

stimulate development of adaptive immunity (relative of macrophages)
- moves
- migrate to lymph nodes after interacting with pathogens; there they activate other immune cells

55
Q

brief summary of phagocytic cells and immunity

A

1) pseudopodia surround pathogens
2) pathogens are engulfed by endocytosis
3) vacuole forms
4) vacuole and lysosome fuse
5) pathogens destroyed
6) debris from pathogens released

56
Q

antigen presentation

A
  • important process because it allows wandering lymphocytes to become activated
  • links nonspecific and specific immune responses
  • passing of microbial fragments from the phagolysosome to the endoplasmic reticulum initiates antigen presentation
  • macrophages and dendritic cells become antigen-presenting cells (APC)
57
Q

pain and swelling

A

brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection
1) histamines and cytokines released; capillaries dilate
2) antimicrobial peptides enter tissue; neutrophils are recruited
3) neutrophils digest pathogens and cell debris; tissue heals

58
Q

histamines

A

causes arteries to open up a little bit to allow neutrophil movement

59
Q

two types of responses in the immune system

A
  • innate
  • adaptive
60
Q

innate immune system response

A

cells have pattern recognition receptors— detect patterns of pathogen-associated molecules not on host cells

61
Q

adaptive immune system response

A

cells such as phagocytic macrophages stimulate adaptive immune response by other cells

62
Q

one way innate system helps activate adaptive system

A
  • dendritic cells (or also macrophages) phagocytose invading bacteria; cells then put microbial antigens on surface of cell and migrate to lymphatic vessel
  • there they present antigen to T cell; co-stimulatory protein also presented to T cells; activated T cells (cytotoxic T cells) then migrate back to site of infection to kill invading cells or help macrophages do this
  • other activated T cells (helper T cells) stay in lymphoid tissue and help B cells to produce antibodies that are circulated through the body and coat microbe to allow phagocytosis; also activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
63
Q

two places where pathogens can reside

A

inside a cell or in the fluid outside of the cell

64
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

goes to kill pathogens when they are living inside of the cell
- clears pathogens in infected cells

65
Q

B cell

A

turns into a plasma cell that makes antibodies
- clears pathogens in fluid

66
Q

antibodies

A

coat pathogens when they are in the fluid

67
Q

how lymphocytes learn to recognize foreign antigens but not self-antigens in central lymphoid organ

A
  • during maturation of lymphocytes in central lymphoid organ immature cells express wide variety of antigen receptors on their surface
  • they are also exposed during this time to self-antigens
  • if receptor that cell makes recognizes self-antigen, the receptor can: be modified (receptor editing) so that it no longer recognizes self; undergo apoptosis and die
  • if cells have their receptors edited or produce receptors that are not self-recognizing, the mature lymphocyte is released into circulation so that it can go to a peripheral lymphoid organ
  • some lymphocytes escape from central organ even with self-recognizing receptor
68
Q

how lymphocytes learn to recognize foreign antigens but not self-antigens in peripheral lymphoid organ

A
  • mature naïve lymphocytes gather
  • they can undergo responses to antigens from a foreign source to produce effector and memory cells
  • the escaped lymphocyte recognizes self antigen in peripheral organ and undergoes either clonal deletion or clonal inactivation or clonal suppression all of which disable the self-recognizing lymphocyte

PSYC 424: Neuropsychology (14 decks)

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