Chapters 1 - 5 (Midterm Preview) Flashcards
geography
study of spatial variation, how and why things differ from place to place on earth’s surface
globalization
ocean-going trade and the resulting political ramifications from USA dominance post wwii
site vs. situation
site: the exact physical location
situation: its position in a wider network
natural landscape
physical setting, the legit area (ex; water availability, mountains, forests)
cultural landscape
merging of human and natural landscapes (ex; humans creating irrigation and suburban sprawl)
accessibility
how to overcome the friction of distance (ex; it’s easier to get from NYC to LA than from NYC to Cincinnati)
connectivity
all tangible ways that places are connected
spatial diffusion
progressive spread of a new thing or idea
ptolemy
greek geographer and cartographer who was crazy influential in ancient mapmaking and is still relevant today. trigonometry
the printing press and national surveys were both tools used to create ______.
maps.
subsidence
sinking over time, when the ground begins to sink below sea level usually due to construction atop of it (ex; jakarta)
mappa mundi
artworks in the west that were fanciful depictions of the world.
oriented to jerusalem in the east
unsure if they were even actually used to get around
imago mundi
“the map of the world”
north is at the top, the oldest surviving map, may be a map of the cosmos
eratosthenes
the first western geographer. first known calculation of the circumference of the earth.
tropopause
boundary of the atmosphere and the stratosphere. weather happens here
earth’s magnetic field is generated by…
movement in the outer core
earth’s magnetic field _________ the earth from ____ _____________.
protects, sun radiation
paradigm shifts
dramatic change in a field (ex; copernican revolution, evolutionary theory)
main method of dating the earth (kiss kiss fall in love!!)
radiometric dating <3
structure of the earth
c/l/a
crust
lithosphere
asthenosphere
plate boundaries
c/d/t
convergent: two plates come together
divergent: two plates spread apart
transform: two plates slide past one another (typically ocean)
older tectonic plates _____.
sink
oceanic tectonic plates are _____ dense than continental plates.
more
mineral
h/d/cs
a chemical combination with a harness, density, and crystal structure of its own
rock types
i-ie/s/m
igneous: formed by cooling of molten rock. (intrusive cool slowly in the earth and have big crystals, extrusive cool quickly outside the earth and have tiny crystals)
sedimentary: make of eroded, layered particles
metamorphic: rock that gets cooked by heat and pressure
diastrophism
when continental plates warp and deform because of pressure
volcanism
the force that transports heated material to the earth’s surface
anticline vs. syncline
a: upfold, like an A
s: downfold, like a V
gradational forces
mw/cw/mw/w/i/l
basically just weathering. any force that wears away earth’s surface
mechanical weathering: roots, salt, big breaky!
chemical weathering: oxidation, hydrolysis, fizzy reactions
mass wasting: rock. fall. 🤯
water: running water cuts through rock
ice: glaciers leave scratches in the earth, permafrost wears dirt down
loess: wind deposited silt
karst topography
a region rich in limestone and marked by sinkholes, caverns, and underground streams
caused when water enters cracks in the ground
(ex; florida)
malthusian vs. cornucopian view
m: unchecked population growth means we all enter a starving cycle (ex; tragedy of the commons)
c: population growth equals innovation and we only temporarily starve
the demographic transition
stage 1: high birth, high death
stage 2: high birth, death drop
stage 3: birth drop, low death (city migration and industrialization)
stage 4: equal birth and death
stage 5: lower birth than death
demographic momentum
tendency for growing populations to keep growing bc of youngsters, even as fertility rate drops
demographic equation
future pop = current pop + birth + immigration - death - emigration
the epidemiological transition
modernization shifts cause of death from infectious disease to chronic disease.
this is a result of an aging population.
the j-curve depicts a population ___________.
doubling.
population pyramid
d/s/d/e
decline, stable, disrupted, expansive
natural increase formula
crude birth rate - crude death rate
doubling time
the time needed to double a population if it continued to grow at the same rate
70 years for 1% growth
35 years for 2% growth
population geography
the distribution, size, and composition of humans
ecumene
permanently inhabited areas of the earth’s surface
nonecumene
uninhabited/sparsely populated zone
homeostatic plateau
when the population is equivalent to the carrying capacity
4 great population clusters
sa/ea/e/ns
south asia, east asia, europe, northeastern USA/southeastern canada
physiological density
number of people / habitable land
agricultural density
number of people / habitable, rural, agricultural land
shows the agricultural burden
pre-modern vs. early modern societies
divided by year 1500
