Ch. 6-10 Flashcards
culture traits
units of learned behavior, ex; how to use a tool. object, technique, belief, or attitude.
culture complex
made up of culture traits. ex; buying a car is a rite of passage
culture system
refers to a bunch of culture complexes shared by a group in a territory
culture region
portion of Earth occupies by people sharing distinctive cultural characteristics
culture realm
related culture regions
culture subsystems
t/s/i
technological (material objects)
sociological (guides social interactions)
ideological (ideas, beliefs, and how they are expressed)
cultural ecology
study of relationship between culture group and natural environment it occupies
environmental determinism vs. possibilism
physical environment dictated advances societies
people are the dynamic force of cultural development, not the environment
cultural landscape
earth’s surface as modified by human action
culture hearth
describes areas of innovation in. the world where culture elements diffused to other areas. the ‘cradle’ of a culture group. ex; sushi n japan
spatial diffusion
the process where a concept, practice, etc. spreads from origin point to other territories
folk, material, nonmaterial, and popular culture
f: tradition
m: physical things
n: artifacts in oral tradition and folk song
p: the opposition and replacement to folk culture. leveling and liberating
pidgin vs. creole vs. lingua franca
p: mix of languages, usually a simplified form of one of them.
c: a pidgin as a first language
lf: established language used for communication, a second language
universalizing vs. ethnic vs. tribal religions
u: applicable to all humans
e: strong territorial identification, ex; judaism
t: small and localized
ethnoburb
suburban community with a concentrated ethnic group
permanent vs. circular migration
p: relocating with no intention of return
m: planning to return
immigration and nationality act of 1965
repealed racist immigration quotas that favored white europeans. set a skills requirement to try and be exclusionary
forced/reluctant migration
slavey, penal colonies (ex; Australia)
globalization is now being understood as:
exploitation!
nagorno karabakh
september 2023, armenian terriroty in azerbaizan. it gets invaded and people leave overnight from fear of ethnic cleansing
sudan, khartoum
fight over the capital between two warlords. refugees in. the country have been displaced several times now
smil on migration
migration is ancient. it’s an early way of life, 1500BC.
international vs. urban
immigration pre-WWI (smil)
educated vs. workers. immigration falls when europe returns to prosperity, and slows down between the wars
immigration post-WWII (smil)
virtually all migration to urban areas, shift from chasing opportunity to escaping bad situations
distance decay
decline of activity the further you get from the point of origin
critical distance
past a certain threshold, your willingness to interact with another area. frictionless zone vs. the friction of distance
territoriality
emotional attachment to an defense of the home ground.
activity space
the extended home range of which we more freely around on our rounds of regular activity. generally limited.
contagious diffusion
an idea that diffuses until barriers are met of the entire area is saturated
hierarchical diffusion
spread of innovation up or down a hierarchy of places, ex; city to rural
migration
permanent relocation of place of residence and activity space. forced, reulctant.
place utility
the value that an individual puts on a residential site
step migration
transition from rural, to suburb, to city (done in smaller, less drastic steps)
chain migration
indicates that the mover is part of an established migrant flow
migration field
area(s) that dominate a locale’s in and out migration patterns.
return migration/countermigration
return of migrant to the regions they previously left
supply routes are important…
but they’re not as important as they used to be with the expansion of trade.
drybulk vs. tanker vs. container carriers
d: unpackaged cargo, dry goods
t: transport liquids like oil or orange juice
c: meant to be put onto a truck
intermodal transportation
moving freight by two or more modes of transport, critical to post-wwii trade
strait of hormuz
most important chokepoint. where oil flows out of the middle east
UNCLOS
1980s, determined international maritime law.
territorial sea (12 n. miles): sail, no fishing allowed
contiguous zone (24 n. miles): buffer zone
exclusive economic zone (0-infinite): just trade, extends over the continental shelf to the shore. that state has exclusive rights to the resources located there.
orientalism (t.e. lawrence)
tendency of western societies to see arabs as one group, rather than as human individuals.
t. e. lawrence did this…
he made a map of the middle east post-wwii that respected existing cultural boundaries. map of what might’ve been
political geography
study of the organization and spatial distribution of political phenomena
empire vs. nation
e: several culturally distinct regions help together by force under the control of one dominant region
n: group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by shared beliefs or values
nation state
state whole territory coincides with a nation
antecedent vs. subsequent boundaries
a/s/c/s
a: drawn across an area before it is well populated
s: boundaries draws after the development of a cultural landscape
consequential: subsequent, border that accommodates existing religions/ethnicities/languages
superimposed: subsequent, forced upon cultural landscapes by a colonizing power
centripetal vs. centrifugal forces
they unify or divide the state
subnationalism
many people give their primary allegiant to traditional groups or nations smaller than the population of the entire state
regionalism
strong minority group self-awareness and identification with a region rather than with the state
irredentism
desire to expand country’s boundaries, people in one state want to claim a territory whose population is historically/ethnically relates to theirs.
ex; transylvania and romania/hungary
devolution
decentralization of political control
supranationalism
3+ states associated for mutual benefit
core area
original center of a state, usually has the densest population and largest cities
single member plurality vs. majoritarian system of elections
sm: entire country divided into districts with one representative who got the most votes
m: the winner must have a majority of the votes
gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to give one party or group of voters an electoral advantage
stacked vs. excess vote vs. wasted vote
s: draw boundaries to enclose strength or weakness
ev: concentration of supporters of one party in a few districts (everyone votes one way, so their votes are in excess)
wv: dilutes a group’s strength by dividing voters across several districts
at-large voting
numbered order creates the gov’t position (1st place, 2nd, and 3rd make the cut)
there was little redistricting during the industrial revolution because…
immigrants came to the USA and clustered in cities, and not redistricting meant immigrants lost voting power
colegrove v. green and baker v. carr
colegrove was pro gerrymandering, but it was overturned by baker.
baker: tennessee didn’t reapportion for 60+ years, which was determined to be grossly discriminatory
charlie hunt claims that gerrymandering…
has historically been overexaggerated as an effect. both parties use it so it cancels out!!
the real problem is republicans and landslide districts
challenges to the state
g/ii/n/im/in
globalization
international institutions are proliferating
NGO’s emerge and work across country lines
international migration being made easier
increase in nationalist movements in states with multiple cultures
ways to classify an economy
pst/pm/dl/gn/if
primary, secondary, tertiary
planned vs. market (capitalism)
development levels (GPD per capita)
global north vs. global south
informal vs. formal
informal economy
the activities that happen unlicensed in an economy that generate unreported earnings
extensive vs. intensive subsistence agriculture
e: using large areas of land with minimal labor. ex; wheat
i: small land with high labor, high yield and densely populated. ex; rice
green revolution
improvements to agriculture and seed development that adapted to the needs of the growing population and staved off famine
von thunen rings
the greater distance you are from the marked, the higher the operating costs. ex; it’s cheaper to mass produce wheat distantly vs. directly beside the market.
intensive commercial agriculture
production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land
extensive commercial agriculture
cheap land further from markets that doesn’t require such intensive use of the land.
gathering vs. extractive industries
g: based on harvesting renewable resources. ex; fishing, forestry
e: removing nonrenewable minerals, including fuels. ex; mining, quarrying
maximum sustainable yield
largest volume/rate of a thing being used that won’t hurt its ability to be renewed
primary, secondary, tertiary economy
p: extraction of raw materials
s: manufacturing
t: service industries to sell/move/etc. secondary products and processes
FIRE
finance insurance and real estate
deindustrialization communities…
exist mostly in the interior of the state. this is where you get big empty factories and warehouses, etc.
industrial location theory
it’s better to work and live in a city, where the economy is stronger and there are higher wages/steadier work.
closer proximity to markets
weber’s least cost model
manufacturing location is best when it minimizes the three basic expenses: transport**, labor, and agglomeration costs
**most important!!
steel mills as an example of this - michigan, close proximity to lakes for source of good, power, and transport.
material vs. market oriented economies
material: initially bulky goods that are perishable and lose weight.
market: bulky at the end, weight gains.
spatial margin of profitability
businesses won’t fair if they are located in the place of maximum profit.
there are many places where businesses can succeed.
fordism vs. post-fordism
fordism: rigidly controlled and highly specialized jobs, production of identical commodities. creates its own market
post-fordism: looser production that relies on demand to create the supply. leans into the existing market.
four world manufacturing powerhouses, asian tigers and asian dragons
nm/ee/ea/we
sk/hk/s/t
m/i/t
northeast/midwest USA and east Canada
south korea, hong kong, singapore, taiwan
malaysia, indonesia, thailand
comparative advantage
determines industrial location. suggests that countries can improve their economy by specializing on the goods they have the most advantage over, and exporting all else.
factors of production (direct and indirect)
rm/l/fc/m
t/i/fs/gr/e/ec
d: raw materials, labor, financial capital, markets
indirect - outside of the production chain
i: technology, infrastructure, financial system, gov’t role, education/training, entrepreneurial climate
agglomeration economies
clustering of industrial activities providing benefits to company and population that wouldn’t exist in isolation.
also known as external economies
just in time manufacturing
reduced inventory. inputs are purchased just in time to be used, and outputs are produced just in time to sell.
frequent accumulation of small levels of goods (vs. fordism’s high, on-site accumulation)
high technology products
incorporate research and development, technically sophisticated labor. high added value during manufacturing
gravitate to areas with good transport, good reputations, and avoid areas with high unionization
footloose capital
trade transportation costs don’t determine where activity happens (ex; apple)
ubiquitas industries
newspapers, bakeries, etc. that sell perishable goods and are tied to their location
river rouge plant, mi
the ultimate fordist
imb
the ultimate fordist to post-fordist transition
flexible specialization
serves economic demand rather than creating a unique market
maquiladoras
‘sister’ factories in northern mexico within 12 miles of the USA border. cheaper worker wages, employ tons of people.
