Ch. 11-13 Flashcards
ananya roy
professor of urban planning at UCLA, focus on housing and global urbanism. believed that cities are split into certain regions.
CITIES DO NOT SHARE A COMMON GROWTH TRAJECTORY!!!
latin america and _______________ theory
dependency theory - they supply materials and markets for industrialized powerhouse countries
south asia and __________________ theory
post-colonial - how should the poor participate in development when it harms them? development as understood through individual experiences
east asia and idea of __________
arbitrage - metaphor, how do you capitalize on the differences in scale and size of a city? how to capitalize on globalization and rapid change?
africa and the city ____ __ ______
the city yet to come - region of aspirations and expectations, not failed cities
the middle east and ananya roy
wealth is new, development in the area is incomplete.
jennifer robinson
geographer who studies cities of the global south. focuses on the negative consequences to ranking and categorizing cities by development level.
ALL CITIES ARE ORDINARY.
urban modernity (jennifer robinson)
cultural experience of contemporary city life
development (jennifer robinson)
the ambition to improve life in cities, especially for the poorest
developmentalism (jennifer robinson)
institutional promotion of development
world cities
a city that serves as a primary node in the global economic network
world system theory
core, peripheral, and semi-peripheral cities.
core dominate and exploit the peripheral.
peripheral rely on the core.
semi-periphery are somewhere in the middle.
urban informality
cities of the global south, characterized by informal settlements. ex; squatting or building huts/shacks on the periphery of grand, intensely modern cities
modernist architecture spreads from the _____________ world to the ____________ world
developing, developed
main factors in the growth of ancient cities
ah/ra/dp/ce
argicultural surplus in hinterland
religious authority presence
defensible position
complex economy
fall line cities
cities placed on the boundary between metamorphic rocks and softer eroded rock. lots of waterfalls, useful for powering factories.
hubs of manufacturing
railhead cities
cities that begin as a hub of intersecting train tracks, ex; chicago
central place theory (christaller)
small, medium, and large settlements are all intertwined. small towns are marketplaces for the surrounding area, while large cities sell luxury goods.
basics are more easily available, but differently sized cities rely on each other for division of goods.
economic base
activities that people do in the urban area to support the urban evironment
basic sector
part of the city’s economy that brings money in from the outside, “export” industries
nonbasic sector
part of city’s economy that doesn’t bring in new money but is crucial to its functioning. ex; schools
multiplier effect
each basic job brings in money from outside of the city, thus it will create other jobs and multiply the growth
urban influence zones
areas outside of a city that are still affected by it. as distance increases, influence decreases
urban hierarchy
ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity
rank-size rule
the nth largest city if 1/nth the size of the largest city.
ex; 5th largest is 1/5th the size of the largest.
primate city
not dictated by rank size. it is by far more that twice the size of the “second” city
ex; paris, cairo
three functions of cities
pg/t/sf
providing goods and services
transportation
specialized functions that contribute to the larger market
cities as central places - christaller
pattern of small/medium/large places that are economically interdependent.
urban influence zones.
cities as centers of production and services.
distance decay
land value drops the further you get from the CBD
concentric zone model vs. sector model vs. multiple-nuclei model of cities
concentric - rings that surround the city
sector model - focused on arteries of transport, diff. ‘sectors’ for diff. purposes
multiple-nuclei - separately expanding areas with multiple nuclei, ex; LA
advantages of a compact city
et/cb/e
easy transport via. subway
car bans can generate fee revenue
environmentally better
planning goals of former soviet cities
ls/ess/z
limit sprawl, ensure self-sufficiency, zoning (on crack)
changes in cities are caused by
ar/ww/hb
automobile reliance and highway development
work week limited to 40 hours
homeownership boom
natural resource
a naturally occurring, exploitable material that a society perceives to be useful for its economic well-being
energy
the ability to do work.
energy efficiency
measures how complete the transition from potential to kinetic energy is
nonrenewable fuels
co/ff/p/c/ng/sg/so/os/nff
crude oil, fossil fuels, petroleum, coal, natural gas, shale gas, shale oil, oil sands, nuclear fission/fusion
renewable fuels
bf/h/se
biomass fuel, hydropower, solar energy
photovoltaic cells
semiconductors made of silicon that generate electricity directly from solar rays
ore
minerals that are in a high enough concentration to make mining feasible.
what is or is not an ore depends on demand, price, and technology changes.
six steps of mineral exploitation
e/e/c/sr/t/m
exploration, extraction, concentration, smelting/refining, transporting, manufacturing
sustainable development
s/f/s/f/p
satisfied current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
soil, forests, species, fish, pollutants
YOU CANNOT EXPLOIT OVER THE RATE OF REPLENISHMENT
types of coal (ranked by heat value)
l/b/a
lignite, bituminous, anthracite
bitumen
thick, high carbon petroleum inside of oil sands and tar sands. more economical than oil shale. must be crushed and heated to create petroleum
soil is made of:
m/om/w/a
s/i/a/c/s/p/m/o
minerals, organic matter, water, air
silicon, iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, oxygen
wetlands
vegetated areas periodically or permanently saturated with water. transitional zoned between land and water. coastal and inland
(coastal is more protected)
marshes v. swamps
marsh - grass wetland
swamp - tree wetland
anthropocene
period in which human actions have radically altered the climate and other systems of the earth since 1945
hypoxia
absence of oxygen, caused when algal blooms decompose and suck oxygen out of the water. kills everything in the water.
water mining
water is being extracted nonrenewably.
desalination
process of extracting salt from water to make it viable for use. byproducts can be harmful, ex; when brine settles on the ocean floor it kills everything
