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Oral Communication > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

0
Q

Active perception

A

Perception in which your mind selects organizes and interprets that which you sense

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1
Q

Perception

A

The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses.

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2
Q

Subjective perception

A

Your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli

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3
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

The idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist

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4
Q

Role

A

The part an individual plays in a group; an individuals function or expected behavior

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5
Q

Co-culture

A

A group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is a part and with which it shares numerous similarities

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6
Q

Selective exposure

A

The tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces rather than contradicts your beliefs or opinions

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7
Q

Selective attention

A

Tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others.

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8
Q

Selective perception

A

The tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear and believe.

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9
Q

Selective retention

A

The tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than oppose them.

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10
Q

Figure

A

The focal point of your attention

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11
Q

Ground

A

The background against which your focused attention occurs

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12
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement

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13
Q

Proximity

A

The principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group

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14
Q

Similarity

A

The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color or shape.

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15
Q

Interpretive perception

A

Perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli

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16
Q

Perception checking

A
  1. Describe behavior
  2. Suggest more than one plausible interpretation
  3. Seek clarification
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17
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others

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18
Q

Identity management

A

The control of the communication of information through a performance.

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19
Q

Language

A

A collection of symbols letters or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate

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20
Q

Decode

A

Process of assigning meaning to others’ words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own

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21
Q

Semantics

A

Study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others

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22
Q

Syntax

A

The way words are arranged

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23
Q

Encode

A

Process of translating thoughts into words

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24
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of language in social context

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25
Q

Phatic communication

A

Language used to establish a sociable mood, such as saying “how are you”

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26
Q

Sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

Theory that our perception of reality is determined by thought processes and that thought process are limited by our language and therefore language shapes our reality

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27
Q

Denotative meaning

A

The agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning

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28
Q

Connotative meaning

A

Individualized or personalized meaning, may be emotional laden

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29
Q

Descriptiveness

A

Practicing of describing behavior or phenomena instead of offering judgments

30
Q

Paraphrasing

A

Restating another’s message in other words

31
Q

Operational definition

A

Definition that identifies something by how it works or is made or what it consists of

32
Q

Concrete language

A

Words and statements that are specific instead of vague

33
Q

Dating

A

Specifying when you made an observation, as everything changes over time

34
Q

Frozen evaluation

A

An assessment that does not change over time

35
Q

Indexing

A

Identifying the uniqueness objects, events and people. Opposite of stereotyping.

36
Q

Cultural competence

A

The ability of individuals and systems to respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions in a manner that recognizes, affirms and values the worth of individuals, families and communities and protects and preserves the dignity of each

37
Q

Repetition

A

The same message is sent both verbally and nonverbally

38
Q

Emphasis

A

“Underlines” a verbal message

39
Q

Complements toon

A

Verbal and nonverbal agree in “mood”

40
Q

Contradiction

A

Verbal and nonverbal conflict

41
Q

Substitution

A

Nonverbal codes used instead of verbal codes

42
Q

Regulation

A

Nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others

43
Q

Kinesics

A

The study of bodily movements including posture, gestures, and facial expressions

44
Q

Illustrators

A

Nonverbals that accompany/reinforce verbal message

45
Q

Affect displays

A

Nonverbal movement to show emotion

46
Q

Regulators

A

Nonverbals that control communication

Ex. Starting to walk away when wanting to stop talking

47
Q

Adaptors

A

Nonverbals that you don’t complete in public but would in private, such as picking nose

48
Q

Proxemics

A

The study of the human use of space and distance

49
Q

Chronemics

A

The way people value time and the way messages are related to time
Ex. Responding quickly to e-mail

50
Q

Tactile communication

A

The use of touch in communication

51
Q

Paralinguistic features

A

Nonword sounds of language

52
Q

Vocal cues

A

Oral aspects of sound except words themselves

53
Q

Pitch

A

Highness or lowness of speakers voice

54
Q

Rate

A

Pace of speech

55
Q

Inflection

A

Variety or changes in pitch

56
Q

Objectics

A

Human use of clothing and artifacts as nonverbal codes

57
Q

Artifacts

A

Ornaments or adornments that hold communicative potential

58
Q

Hearing

A

Act of receiving sound

59
Q

Listening

A

Active process or interpreting what you hear. Involves retaining information and responding empathetically

60
Q

Selective attention

A

Sustained focus on stimuli we deem important

61
Q

Automatic attention

A

Instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger

62
Q

Working memory

A

The part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli we pay attention to

63
Q

Short term memory

A

A temporary storage place for information

64
Q

Long term memory

A

Permanent storage system for past experiences

65
Q

Schema

A

Filing systems used in long term memory

66
Q

Active listening

A

Involved listening with a purpose

67
Q

Empathic listening

A

Listening to attempt to “understand”

68
Q

Critical listening

A

Listening that challenges accuracy meaningfulness and utility of message

69
Q

Barriers to listening

A 
Physical distractions 
Mental distractions
Factual distractions 
Semantic distractions
Status
Stereotypes
Sights and sounds 
Egocentrism
Defensiveness 
Experiential superiority 
Personal bias
Pseudolistenjng (daydreaming)
70
Q

Listening skills

A 
Invite additional comments 
Ask questions 
Identify areas of agreement
Vary verbal response
Use non evaluative responses
Provide affirmation
Avoid silence
71
Q

Lecture cues

A

Verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture

72
Q

Lecture cue examples

A 
Written cues (outlines, words/phrases)
Verbal important cues 
Semantic cues 
Organizational cues 
Nonverbal cues

Oral Communication (3 decks)

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