chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
- Shape and Support
- Muscle attachment for movement
- protection
- red blood cell production
What are the different joint types?
- fixed or immovable joints / fibrous joints
- Slightly moveable/cartilaginous joints
- freely moveable joints / synovial joints
What is the structure of a synovial joint?
made up of the synovial membrane, synovial fluid, joint capsule, cartilage and ligaments
Purpose of the synovial membrane?
surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid
Purpose of Synovial fluid?
Acts a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint, allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear
Purpose of Joint capsule?
The structure that surrounds and protects the joint, Holding the bones together, is Made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
Purpose of Ligaments?
The strong, elastic fibres that hold the bones together and keep them in place
Purpose of Cartilage?
A strong but flexible material found at the end of bones acts as a cushion to stop bones from knocking together.
Purpose of Tendons?
A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and enables joints to withstand tension
Define Muscle
A band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contact, Producing movement in the body
What is the agonist?
the muscle that contracts to create movement (also called the prime mover)
What is the Antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes during a movement.
Define Tendon
tough band of fibrous tissue that anchors muscle to bone and allows movement to happen.
Isotonic contraction
Where muscles change length as they contract
Concentric Contraction
Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens
Isometric contraction
Where the muscle contracts, but stays the same length..
Aerobic exercise
Often called cardio, Your heart rate increases to supply oxygenated blood to the muscles so they can keep performing at moderate levels over an extended period of time.
Anaerobic exercise
A short period of high-intensity activity, Where your body demands oxygen is greater than the supply available. Oxygenated blood cannot be supplied to muscles quickly enough. The body uses up energy sources stored in the muscles with a possible build-up of lactic acid in muscles
pathway of air to the body
Mouth/nasal passage ➡ trachea ➡ bronchi ➡ bronchioles ➡ alveoli
Characteristics of alveoli
- Moist to ensure gas exchange takes place
- surrounded by blood capillaries to ensure good blood supply
- One cell thick walls to ensure gases pass through easily.
- large surface area to volume ratio for the huge amounts of air involved in breathing and getting oxygen to your lungs.
Diaphragm during inhalation
contracts to become flatter
Diaphragm during exhalation
relaxes and domes upwards
rib cage during inhalation
moves outwards and upwards as the intercostal muscles contact and lengthen
rib cage during exhalation
moves inwards and downwards as intercostal muscles relax
function of plasma
The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.
function of red blood cells
transporting oxygen from your lungs to your body’s tissues, Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which is responsible for transporting oxygen to the blood
function of white blood cells
Help defend the body against pathogens by creating antibodies to attack them.
function of platelets
Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.
function of left atrium
receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
function of right atrium
The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
function of left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.
Function of right ventricle
The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.
Function of valves
The valves keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction.
Pathway of blood through heart
Superior and inferior vena cave ➡ right atrium ➡ right ventricle ➡ pulmonary artery ➡ LUNGS ➡ left atrium ➡ left ventricle ➡ aorta
average heart rate for teenagers and adults
teenagers:50-90bpm adults: 60-80bpm
define cardiac output
the amount of blood expelled from the heart each minute
cardiac output formula
heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
define stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction
where is glucose stored
glycogen
aerobic respiration
takes place in the presence of oxygen, chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
aerobic respiration formula
glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy
anaerobic respiration
process of converting glucose into energy without oxygen present
anaerobic respiration formula
glucose → lactic acid + energy
define lactic acid
waste product formed in the muscles during anaerobic respiration causing muscles to fatigue.
define oxygen debt
temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise
EPOC
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
what is EPOC?
process of taking additional oxygen needed by cells in the body in order to remove lactic acid created by anaerobic respiration
factors affecting recovery time
overall fitness and strength levels, Genetics, Age, Gender, Sleep
short term effects on exercise
heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, red skin, sweating, fatigue, nausea
long term effects on exercise
Heart size (hypertrophy), resting pulse rate, stroke volume, ability to tolerate lactic acid
define hypertrophy
process whereby the muscle walls of the heart get thicker and stronger as a result of training
