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Neurogenic Disorders > Chapters 1 & 3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neurogenic communication disorder?

A

A disturbance of problem with communication arising from damage to the nervous system

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2
Q

The nervous system consists of the ____ & the _____

A

Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:

A

The brain & spinal cord

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of:

A

The cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves

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5
Q

Some neurogenic communication disorders include:

A

Aphasias, dysarthrias, apraxia of speech, right hemisphere disorders, dementia

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6
Q

Four treatment environments include the following: (1)

A
  1. Skilled nursing facility
  2. Acute care facility
  3. Rehabilitation facility
  4. Outpatient rehabilitation facility
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7
Q

Four treatment environments include the following: (2)

A
  1. Home health care
  2. Hospice care
  3. Children’s hospital
  4. Schools
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8
Q

The three key areas involved in neurogenic disorders are

A

Cognition, language, and speech

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9
Q

____ is the ability to acquire and process knowledge about the world/ process thought

A

Cognition

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10
Q

Cognition is the ability to ____ and ____ about the world/ process thought

A

Acquire and process knowledge

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11
Q

Why is cognition so important?

A

Many cognitive processes underlie and support appropriate and effective communication

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12
Q

A lack of cognitive abilities undermines the _____

A

Ability to communicate effectively

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13
Q

Why is cognition so important?

A

If the patient can’t remember what the SLP just said, then the patient will not be able to response appropriate.

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14
Q

The role, as a SLP, is to—

A

Identify and treat deficits in cognition that contribute to disordered communication

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15
Q

The 13 types of cognition include:

A
  1. Arousal
  2. Orienting
  3. Attention
  4. Working memory
  5. Short-term memory
  6. Long-term memory
  7. Procedural memory
  8. Declarative memory
  9. Episodic memory
  10. Orientation
  11. Problem solving
  12. Inferencing
  13. Executive functions
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16
Q

Arousal is the level _____ and the ability to___ to stimuli

A

Wakefulness; respond

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17
Q

An example of arousal is—

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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18
Q

The level of wakefulness and the ability to respond to stimuli is known as _____

A

Arousal

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19
Q

The ability to direct attention towards a stimulus

A

Orienting

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20
Q

Hierarchy order of treatment of attention:

A

Vigilance
Sustained attention
Selective attention
Alternating attention
Divided attention

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21
Q

The ability to stay alert to the occurrence of a possible stimulus

A

Vigilance

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22
Q

Sustained attention is the ability to ____ on a _____ stimulus

A

The ability to hold attention on a single stimulus

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23
Q

The ability to hold attention on a stimulus while ignoring the presence of competing stimuli

A

Selective attention

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24
Q

The ability to alternate one’s attention back and forth from one stimulus to another

A

Alternating attention

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25
Q

Divided attention is the ability to attend to _____

A

The ability to attend to one stimulus while simultaneously attending to another stimulus

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26
Q

Another word for divided attention is—

A

Multitasking

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27
Q

The ability to hold a finite amount of information for immediate processing and manipulating

A

Working memory

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28
Q

According to Baddeley (1986) model, on working memory:

A
  1. Phonological loop responsible for retention and processing of speech and language
  2. Visuospatial sketch pad for retaining visual information for active processing. Example: location of a parked car
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29
Q

An example of working memory is

A

Holding onto directions until you reach the destination

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30
Q

Short-term memory is the ability to store _______ in one’s memory in a ______ state for a period of a few seconds or minutes, a few hours or days

A

Information; readily accessible

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31
Q

Short term memory involves a ___ storage capacity

A

Limited storage capacity

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32
Q

An example of short term memory is

A

What you had for lunch/breakfast

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33
Q

Storing information in a readily accessible way

A

Short term memory

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34
Q

Ability to store information in one’s memory for months or years

A

Long term memory

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35
Q

Long term memory involves functionally ____ capacity for information

A

Functionally unlimited capacity for information

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36
Q

The memory of sequences of action used to complete task

A

Procedural memory

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37
Q

Procedural memory uses “_____” memory

A

“How to” memory

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38
Q

In procedural memory, much is ____ and deployed in ____ function

A

Much is overlearned and deployed in automatic function

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39
Q

The ability to remember facts

A

Declarative memory

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40
Q

In episodic memory, you must ___ specific ___

A

Recall of specific, recently experienced events (or episodes)

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41
Q

An example of episodic memory is remembering -

A

A vacation

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42
Q

Knowledge of oneself, and of her place and space in time

A

Orientation

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43
Q

Some questions involved in orientation are—

A

Who am i?
Where am i?
When am i?

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44
Q

Ability to find an appropriate solution to a problem

A

Problem solving

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45
Q

Problem solving involves the ability to _____ to solve a problem, ___ the strategy and ____ the results

A

Ability to pick a strategy to solve a problem, apply the strategy and evaluate the results

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46
Q

Given details, the ability to make a leap in judgement to a correct interpretation of the overall meaning of the details

A

Inferencing

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47
Q

Executive functions involves ____ cognitive systems that employ and manage other ones

A

High level cognitive systems that employ and manage other ones

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48
Q

The ability to plan a sequence of actions to achieve a goal, the ability to maintain behaviors meant to accomplish goals, ability to monitor a situation and modify behavior accordingly

A

Executive functions

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49
Q

Executive functions uses cognitive functions such as ____, ____, ____, _____, _____, ______ behaviors to meet high-level goals

A

Attention, memory, planning, problem solving, initiating, and organizational behaviors

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50
Q

Executive functions are housed in _____ area of the ____ lobes

A

Housed in prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes

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51
Q

Language is defined as a set of ____ used to _____ meaning

A

A set of symbols used to communicate meaning

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52
Q

Language is defined as a set of symbols used to communicate meaning.
Symbols include:

A
  1. Written language
  2. Verbal as in spoken language
  3. Manual as in sign language
    - expressive and receptive abilities
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53
Q

What are the two types of language

A

Expressive and receptive

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54
Q

Words people assign to ideas to express the meaning of their thoughts

A

Expressive language

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55
Q

The ability to understand language is known as —

A

Receptive language

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56
Q

An example of expressive language is

A

Verbal or written

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57
Q

An example of receptive language is —-

A

Understand spoken and written language

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58
Q

Speech is defined as ___ made by the ____ and ____ structures of the body to create verbal language

A

Speech is defined as sounds made by the vocal and articulatory structures of the body to create verbal language

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59
Q

Verbal production of language is known as

A

Speech

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60
Q

What does etiology mean?

A

Underlying cause of a symptom or deficit

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61
Q

Neurogenic communication disorders vary greatly in their etiology. True or false

A

True

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62
Q

Results from a systemic breakdown or destruction of structures within the peripheral or central nervous system

A

Degenerative disorders and diseases

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63
Q

____ ethnologies include sudden or traumatic events

A

Acute ethnologies

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64
Q

Acute ethnologies include sudden or traumatic events, such as:

A

Traumatic brain injury
Seizures
Tumor
Surgical trauma
Infection
Stroke

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65
Q

____ diseases can also produce deficits in speech, cognition and language

A

Infectious diseases

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66
Q

How the damage to the nervous system manifests in deficits in communication, cognition and behavior is determined by:

A
  1. The site of the damage
  2. And the severity of the damage
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67
Q

Means to be of an unknown origin

A

Idiopathic etiology

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68
Q

___ is the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States, behind heart diseases and cancer

A

Stroke/ cerebrovascular accident

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69
Q

Stoke/ cerebrovascular accident is the leading cause of_____ and _____disability

A

Leading cause of hospital admission and long-term disability

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70
Q

It is estimated that every ___ someone in the US has a stroke

A

40 seconds

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71
Q

It is estimated that every ____ someone dies of a stroke

A

4 minutes

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72
Q

Studies have shown more ____ die of stroke than ____

A

Studies show more women die of stroke than men

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73
Q

A stroke is an ____ to blood flow to a part of the brain by a ____ or _____

A

An interruption to blood flow to a part of the brain by a clot or hemorrhage

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74
Q

Another word for stroke is

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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75
Q

A stroke is when brain tissue is permanently destroyed ceases to function due to increase blood supply to the affected area. True or false

A

False A stroke is when brain tissue is either permanently destroyed or temporarily ceases to function due to decreased or absent blood supply to the affected area

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76
Q

A stoke can produce damage to only one area of the brain. True or false

A

False. A stroke can produce damage to any area of the brain or brain stem

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77
Q

Stroke is often referred to as a cerebrovascular accident or CVA. True or false

A

True

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78
Q

During a stroke, brain tissue can either be ____ or _____

A

Permanently destroyed or temporarily ceases to function

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79
Q

When brain tissue is permanently destroyed, the body:

A
  1. Reabsorbs the dead cells
  2. An empty space is left on the cortex or within the brain where the tissue once was
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80
Q

Damage to brain tissue is from the loss of ____ resulting from a lack of blood supply

A

Loss of oxygen supply

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81
Q

Partial loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue

A

HYPOXIA

82
Q

Complete lack of oxygen supply to the brain tissue

A

ANOXIA

83
Q

Typically the brain can go ____ without oxygen before _____ begins to cause permanent cell death within the brain

A

6-8 minutes; anoxia

84
Q

Hypoxia is ____ loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue

A

Partial loss of oxygen to the brain tissue

85
Q

Anoxia is the ____ loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue

A

Complete loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue

86
Q

The two main forms of stroke

A

Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke

87
Q

Blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain is known as

A

Ischemic stroke

88
Q

Artery ruptures, causing bleeding around the brain is know as

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

89
Q

The term ischemia means ___ or ___ in a blood vessel

A

Term ischemia means blockage or restriction in a blood vessel

90
Q

___ occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood flow to the brain becomes occluded.

A

Ischemic stroke

91
Q

Ischemic stoke ____ brain tissue of the blood supply necessary for ____ of the tissue

A

Deprives brain tissue of the blood supply necessary for survival of the tissue

92
Q

The three forms of ischemic stroke are:

A
  1. Thrombotic stroke
  2. Embolic stroke
  3. Transient ischemic attack
93
Q

___ is occlusion that forms slowly in an artery

A

Thrombus

94
Q

Thrombotic stroke occurs when a ____ blood flow to the brain

A

Thrombotic stroke occurs when a thrombus interrupts blood flow to the brain

95
Q

Thrombotic stroke is usually the result of ____

A

Atherosclerosis

96
Q

A condition in which a person has a buildup of fatty materials such as cholesterol in the blood; it accumulates over time on the walls of the arteries, narrowing them and eventually restricting blood flow

A

Atherosclerosis

97
Q

Thrombus is an ___ that forms slowly in an ____

A

Occlusion that forms slowly in an artery

98
Q

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which a person has a buildup of ___ materials such as cholesterol in the blood.

A

Fatty

99
Q

In atherosclerosis, fatty materials buildup in the blood. It accumulates over time on the ____ of the arteries, _____ them and eventually ____ blood flow

A

It accumulates over time on the wall of the arteries, narrowing them and eventually restricting blood flow

100
Q

___ is a mass, such as a blood clot that originates in the body and travels through the vascular system

A

Embolus

101
Q

Embolic stroke occurs when an embolus, formed ______, travels to the _____ and lodges in a blood vessel, restricting or cutting off blood circulation within the brain

A

Formed elsewhere in the body, travels to the brain

102
Q

A piece of thrombus can become an embolus. True or false

A

True

103
Q

When a piece of thrombus becomes an embolus, it is known as —

A

Thromboembolus

104
Q

Thromboembolus occurs when a _____ breaks off an atrial wall and ____ in the brain to _____ an occlusion within the blood vessel

A

A piece of thrombus breaks off an arterial wall and travels elsewhere in the brain to lodge and create an occlusion within the blood vessel

105
Q

A mini stoke or in the medical community known as a TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

106
Q

A small ischemia within the brain that resolves within ____

A

24 hours

107
Q

Person can present with mild motor or cognitive deficits that goes away when blood clot causing the ischemia is broken down and resolves the occlusion. True or false

A

True

108
Q

Usually TIA ___(does or doesn’t) cause permanent deficits or life-threatening health issues

A

Does not

109
Q

Usually TIA are usually warning signs of a larger, more ____ to come

A

Destructive stroke

110
Q

Location of the focal damage within the brain following ischemia; dead tissue; dies within 1 hour of ischemia

A

Ischemia core

111
Q

Death of cells within the core is irreversible

A

Tissue necrosis

112
Q

Tissue that still receives enough collateral blood supply to stay alive; can often be salvaged with prompt medical care

A

Ischemic prenumbra

113
Q

Saving the prenumbra improves the ____ and ____ prognosis of the patient

A

Short term & long term

114
Q

Damage within the prenumbra can typically be ___ within ______ of onset of ischemia

A

Reversed; 2-4 hours

115
Q

When a blood vessel within the brain ruptures

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

116
Q

____ percent of strokes are hemorrhagic

A

13%

117
Q

Most significant factor associated with hemorrhagic stroke is ___ also known as ____

A

High blood pressure; hypertension

118
Q

Hemorrhagic stokes usually occur with individuals with high blood pressure during periods of ____

A

High physical activity

119
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke typically requires _____ to repair the broken blood vessel and stop the bleeding

A

Immediate surgery

120
Q

Hemorrhagic stoke have a ____ chance of survival than those with ischemic stroke

A

Less chance of survival

121
Q

Individuals who survive hemorrhagic stroke have fewer enduring deficits than those who experimented ischemic strokes. True or false

A

True

122
Q

The 2 primary kinds of hemorrhagic stroke are

A
  1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  2. Intracerebral hemorrhage
123
Q

Bleed that occurs between the arachnoid matter and the pia matter, which overlay and protect the cerebrum

A

Subarachnoid

124
Q

When a blood vessel bursts within the brain itself and the blood pours out into the brain tissue where it does not belong, which damages tissue and increases intracranial pressure, which makes it increasingly difficult for the heart to pump blood to the brain and can quickly lead to death if not treated.

A

Intracerebral stroke

125
Q

During Intracerebral stoke, the brain tissue is damaged, which causes ______, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood to the brain

A

Intracranial pressure to increase

126
Q

Some symptoms of Intracerebral stoke include

A
  • sudden and very severe headache and vomiting
  • clap of thunder headaches
  • more sudden and definite
127
Q

An abnormal stretching and ballooning of the wall of a blood vessel

A

Aneurysm

128
Q

An aneurysm results from ___ or ____ that weaken the wall of the artery

A

Disease or hereditary factors

129
Q

Aneurysm is the abnormal ____ and ____ of the wall of a blood vessel

A

Stretching and ballooning

130
Q

____ and ____ can also contribute to placing above normal pressure on artery walls

A

Hypertension and atherosclerosis

131
Q

Some symptoms of cerebral aneurysm include:

A
  1. Severe headache
  2. Nausea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
  5. Seizures
  6. Loss of consciousness
132
Q

There may or may not be any symptoms until aneurysm ruptures. True or false

A

True

133
Q

Once an aneurysm ruptures, it becomes a ___ stoke

A

Hemorrhagic

134
Q

Aneurysms of the brain often occur within the ____

A

Circle of Willis

135
Q

Aneurysms of the brain tend to be deadly. True or false

A

True

136
Q

Most patients who survive an aneurysm, will have some form of _____

A

Permanent disability

137
Q

___ is when serious life-threatening damage to the brain occurs as the result of an external or forceful event

A

TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury

138
Q

Some usual causes of Traumatic Brain Injury are:

A

Falls
Motor vehicle traffic accidents
Being struck by an object
Violent assaults

139
Q

Impact from TBI can be from a mild concussion to coma or vegetative state or death. True or false

A

True

140
Q

_____ individuals experience a TBI each year in the U.S.A

A

1.4 million

141
Q

Deficits of TBI in language and cognition are:

A

Many, complex and varied depending on which areas a of the PNS and CNS were damaged and to what extent

142
Q

SLPs treat individuals with TBI by focusing on

A

speech, language, cognition and swallowing disorders

143
Q

SLPs work with TBI individuals right after their ____ to when they _____ (e.g., home, work, school)

A

Work with individuals right after their admittance to the hospital to when they begin returning to their previous life (e.g., home, work, school)

144
Q

In TBI, for children, rehabilitation hopefully culminates at release from hospital. True or false

A

True

145
Q

TBI is very common in children ages _____ and under

A

4 years

146
Q

depressants, meaning they work by depressing or lowering the function of the CNS.

A

Opioids

147
Q

OxyContin is considered ____

A

An opioid

148
Q

Opioids are ____, they work by depressing or lowering the function of the ____

A

Depressants; CNS

149
Q

Name three types of opioids

A

OxyContin
Heroin
Synthetic opioids

150
Q

What are synthetic opioids

A

Mixed with heroin to increase potency:
1. Fentanyl
2. Carfenttanyl

151
Q

fentanyl is ___ more potent than heroin

A

50-100 times

152
Q

Carfenttanyl is ___ times more potent than heroin and ___ times more potent than fentanyl

A

10,000 times heroin and 100 times more potent than fentanyl

153
Q

Overdosed and lost consciousness -> continued ___ of the CNS -> decreases ___ > respiratory center of the CNS in the brain stem is ____ > the body ____or itself

A

Overdosed and lost consciousness -> continued depressing of the CNS -> decreases automatic function > respiratory center of the CNS in the brain stem is inhibited > the body stops breathing for itself

154
Q

Overall, overdoes and lost consciousness can lead to

A

The body to stop breathing for itself

155
Q

_____ overdose can take hours to shut down the respiratory system

A

Heroin overdose can take hours to shut down the respiratory system

156
Q

Fentanyl can be instantaneous with users collapsing with the needle still in their arm. True or false

A

True

157
Q

Time spent not breathing deprives the brain of oxygen, which brain tissue needs to survive. True or false

A

True

158
Q

Brain injury can result from ___ brain injury or ____ brain injury.

A

Brain injury can result from hypoxic brain injury or anoxic brain injury.

159
Q

Deprive the entire brain!

A

Nonlocalized

160
Q

In addition to hypoxic or anoxic brain injury, if an individual survives an overdose, he/she might also have ____

A

In addition to hypoxic or anoxic brain injury, if an individual survives an overdose, he/she might also have Toxic Brain Injury.

161
Q

Damage to the brain from high levels of poisonous substances in the body

A

Toxic Brain Injury

162
Q

Common causes of Toxic Brain Injury included

A

overdose & carbon monoxide poisoning

163
Q

Deficits from hypoxic/anoxic and toxic brain injury include

A

Visuomotor (fine motor) skills
Visual attention
Executive Function
Working memory
Impulsivity
Decision making

164
Q

Dassanayake and colleagues (2012) found patients who clinically recovered from drug overdose displayed ___ on all cognitive domains tested.

A

Cognitive impairments

165
Q

Abnormal growth of cells in the brain

A

Brain tumor

166
Q

tumor that originates in the brain and that has not spread from elsewhere

A

Primary tumor

167
Q

is a cancerous tumor that has spread from another part of the body to the brain, will need biopsy, surgery and/or radiation

A

Secondary or metastic tumor

168
Q

Malignant brain tumor is

A

Brain cancer

169
Q

cannot spread to other parts of the body is known as

A

enign brain tumor- cannot spread to other parts of the body

170
Q

when a tumor displaces or crushes areas of the brain, possibly causing symptoms

A

Mass effect

171
Q

Deficits produced by a tumor depend on the area of the brain the tumor affects and to what degree. True or false

A

True

172
Q

Symptoms of a tumor occur and worsen gradually over longer periods of time as the tumor grows. True or false

A

True

173
Q

collateral damage to the delicate tissues of the brain that occurs during the process of achieving the objective of the surgery.

A

Surgical trauma

174
Q

Surgical trauma is often performed to remove a ___ or repair a ____

A

Often performed to remove a tumor or repair a hemorrhagic stroke.

175
Q

After surgical trauma, an SLP will focus on -

A

Speech, language, cognition, speech or swallowing

176
Q

Manage secondary risks of brain damage:

A
  1. Seizures
  2. Additional cerebrovascular accidents
  3. Acquired infections
  4. Increased intracranial pressure
177
Q

Infections can damage the __ and ____, or both

A

Infections can damage the CNS and PNS, or both

178
Q

Infections include the following:

A

Viral, fungal, bacterial, parasitic
Encephalitis
HIV/Aids
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Syphilis
Poliomyelitis

179
Q

An acute infection or inflammation of the brain or spinal cord caused by viral or bacterial infection to the brain.

A

Encephalitis

180
Q

Symptoms of encephalitis include

A

headaches, fevers, confusion, and seizures, which often reflect the type and location of the infection.

181
Q

fast moving characterized by T cells of the immune system attacking and causing inflammation in either the right or left hemisphere.

A

Rasmussen’s encephalitis

182
Q

Presenting symptom of Rasmussen’s encephalitis is ____ that creates unilateral tremor in an extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere.

A

Presenting symptom is seizure activity that creates unilateral tremor in an extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere.

183
Q

Rasmussen’s encephalitis is the fast moving characterized by ____ of the immune system attacking and causing ___ in either the right or left hemisphere

A

fast moving characterized by T cells of the immune system attacking and causing inflammation in either the right or left hemisphere.

184
Q

HIV is the virus that leads to ___

A

HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

185
Q

Most common neurocognitive changes seen in AIDS are as follows:

A
  1. Inability to learn new information
  2. loss of gross and fine motor abilities
  3. gait disturbances, reduced attention abilities
  4. slowness in processing information
  5. disfluent speech, and impaired recall
186
Q

Degenerative and fatal brain disease, which has genetic and infectious etiologies

A

Creutzfeldt- Jacob Disease

187
Q

small infectious protein with its own genetic coding

A

Prion

188
Q

involuntary rapid twitching of a muscle or group of muscles

A

Myoclonus

189
Q

Most cases are produced by a type of infectious pathogen known as a prion

A

Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease

190
Q

Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease

A

Attacks the central nervous system
Has no cure
Usually fatal within a year of onset of symptoms

191
Q

Sexually transmitted disease that is highly treatable with the antibiotic penicillin and is curable.

A

Syphilis

192
Q

a variation of the syphilis that infects the nervous system.

A

Neurosyphalis

193
Q

a virus that attacks the PNS and causes paralysis and absent reflexes AKA Polio

A

Poliomyelitis

194
Q

Commonly known as polio is caused by a virus and is highly preventable with a vaccine.

A

Poliomyelitis

195
Q

Polio is now rare in the US and Uk, however still an active threat in many developing countries. True or false

A

True

196
Q

Poliomyelitis is categorized by the sections of the ___ that it affects.

A

PNS

197
Q

Nonsymmetrical paralysis with diminished or absent reflexes

A

Poliomyelitis

198
Q

A sudden often periodic abnormal level of electrical discharge occurring within the brain

A

Seizures

199
Q

remain confined to a particular region of the brain.

A

Partial seizure- remain confined to a particular region of the brain.

200
Q

affect the entire brain and are associated with a total loss of consciousness or awareness

A

Generalized seizure- affect the entire brain and are associated with a total loss of consciousness or awareness

201
Q

Certain infectious diseases and congenital disorders such as epilepsy produce seizures. True or false

A

True

Neurogenic Disorders (5 decks)

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