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Neurogenic Disorders > Chapter 8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

Describes serious or potentially life-threatening levels of physical injury

A

Trauma

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2
Q

Describes serious or potentially life-threatening levels of physical injury

A

Trauma

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3
Q

Damage that results from an external and usually forceful event.

A

TBI

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4
Q

TBI Damage that results from an ____ and usually ____ event.

A

TBI

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5
Q

Damage that results from an external and usually forceful event, not stroke or surgery

A

TBI

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6
Q

Caused by falls, motor vehicle and traffic accidents, incidents of a person being struck by an object, sports accidents, and violent assaults

A

TBI

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7
Q

Most at risk populations for TBI include:

A

Younger than 4 years of age
Older than 75 years
Adolescent males
Users of alcohol or recreational drugs
Of lower socioeconomic status
Previous sufferers of TBI
Law enforcement or military personnel

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8
Q

When a person’s body (and brain) is moving very fast (accelerating) through space and then comes to an abrupt stop (decelerating).

A

Acceleration- deceleration closes head injury

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9
Q

Brain slams around with damaging level of force inside the skull.

A

Acceleration- deceleration closed head injury

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10
Q

Damage from acceleration-deceleration closed head injury

A

Coup-contrecoup

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11
Q

_____- brain hits the front of the skull

A

Coup injury- brain hits the front of the skull

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12
Q

______ injury- brain hits the back of the skull

A

Contrecoup injury- brain hits the back of the skull

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13
Q

Contrecoup injury- brain hits the ____ of the skull

A

Contrecoup injury- brain hits the back of the skull

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14
Q

Coup injury- brain hits the ___ of the skull

A

Coup injury- brain hits the front of the skull

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15
Q

The amount of pressure being applied to a body by acceleration forces

A

G force

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16
Q

Neuronal connections are pulled apart and create microlesions across large areas of the brain

A

Diffuse axonal shearing

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17
Q

Injury to the brain that occurs as a result of stationary head being impacted by a moving object

A

Impact-based TBI

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18
Q

Skull is forced inwards at the sight of impact, which exerts compressive forces to the area of the brain under impact

A

Impact based TBI

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19
Q

Injury that penetrates the skull into the brain

A

Open head injury

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20
Q

when a projectile (bullet or piece of sharp shrapnel) passes through the skull and into the brain.

A

Ballistic trauma

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21
Q

Most common cause of TBI and death in children

A

Shaken baby syndrome

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22
Q

Due to physical violence of shaking of the child by a caregiver, usually due to the infant’s crying

A

Shaken baby syndrome

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23
Q

Penetrating or open head wound resulting from gunshot to the head was the most common form of TBI in WW1 & WW2

A

True

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24
Q

Following trauma or admittance to the hospital TBI patients may be:

A

1.Unconscious, minimally conscious, or at best very confused and disoriented.
2. May have undergone tracheotomy to help them breathe.
3. May have undergone brain surgery to repair a hemorrhage or intracranial pressure.
4. May have a NG tube or PEG tube to deliver hydration or nutrition.
5.May have undergone a craniotomy

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25
Q

Surgery to remove part of the skull to allow the brain to swell without incurring damage from being crushed by pressure within the skull.

A

Craniotomy

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26
Q

As TBI patients recover they may:

A
  1. Have severe cognitive and language deficits, which can lead to confusion, disorientation, and aggression.
  2. Spend a great amount of their day sleeping.
  3. May display photophobia.
  4. May display phonophobia
  5. Demonstrate fatigue.
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27
Q

TBI May affect any level of:

A

Orientation, attention, memory, problem solving, inferencing, personality changes

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28
Q

Period of unconsciousness lasting more than 6 hours with individual unable to be awakened and is unresponsive to sensory stimuli

A

Coma

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29
Q

Person is minimally responsive to stimuli, but lacking consciousness and cognition

A

Vegetative stage

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30
Q

Vegetative state continues longer than 4 weeks

A

Persistent vegetative state

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31
Q

Combination of retrograde and anterograde memory loss that present in those who recover from comas and vegetative states

A

Post-traumatic amnesia

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32
Q

Damage to the ____ lobe plays a role in personality and personal preferences.

A

Damage to the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and personal preferences.

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33
Q

Assessment of memory in TBI

A

Long term memory
Visual memory
Immediate recall
Short-term recall

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34
Q

Categorical scales in which individual is assigned a number that indicates their level of arousal based on the presence or absence of certain behaviors or response to stimuli

A

Coma scales

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35
Q

Orientation to person, place, and time is assessed by asking simple questions regarding orientation

A

Assessment of orientation
Ask patients simple questions such as:
What is your name?
What is your age?
Where are you?

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36
Q

Determines the level and tracks changes of agitation over time

A

Agitated behavior scale

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37
Q

Asses the presence of verbal or psychical aggression against others, oneself, or objects

A

Overt aggression scale

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38
Q

Formal tests for TBI include

A

Burns Brief Inventory of Communication and Cognition
Cognitive-Linguistic Quick Test
Ross Information Processing Assessment

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39
Q

Therapy for TBI targets the following

A

Decreased arousal
Attention deficits
Problem solving deficits
Working memory deficits

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40
Q

Targeted similar to attention therapy for right hemisphere and left hemisphere disorders

A

Attention deficits

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41
Q

Targeted through simple paper and pencil tasks
Functional tasks such as balancing a checkbook

A

Problem solving deficits

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42
Q

Use instructions and utterances that are short
Use functional tasks in context of ADLs
Avoid speaking fast, emphasize important words/phrases
Increase automaticity of responses
Break down complex tasks into individual components

A

Working memory deficits

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43
Q

Targeted through sensory stimulation therapy, which may or may not be efficacious
Visual stimulation, oral stimulation, and cutaneous stimulation

A

Decreased arousal

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44
Q

To rehabilitate lost abilities

A

Restorative memory approach

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45
Q

Presentation of information for recall over increasingly greater intervals of time

A

Spaced retrieval training

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46
Q

Cognitive acts that increase the likelihood of retaining information over short term and long term to compensate for memory deficits

A

Internal memory strategies

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47
Q

Training the individual to repeat information to themselves to increase the likelihood of retaining the information

A

Rehearsal training

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48
Q

Training the individual to create a visual image in their mind of the information to be recalled

A

Imaging and visual association

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49
Q

Internal memory strategies include

A

Rehearsal training & imaging and visual association

50
Q

Material devices used to allow compensation for memory deficits

A

External memory strategies

51
Q

Checklists, alarm clocks, memory pads, calendars, schedules, memory books, diaries

A

Low tech devices

52
Q

Smartphones and computers

A

High tech devices

53
Q

External memory strategies include

A

Low tech and high tech devices

54
Q

Repetitively exposing the patient to relevant facts

A

Orientation deficits

55
Q

Compensatory strategies of orientation deficits:

A
  1. posting a calendar or clock in the patient’s room
  2. assist the patient in being oriented to date or time
  3. posting family photos around the room can help facilitate orientation to self and stimulate long-term memories
56
Q

Most common etiology of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which accounts for 60-80% of all cases.

A
57
Q

Is an acquired global loss of brain function with slow insidious onset caused by a variety of diseases.

A

Dementia

58
Q

DSM IV defines dementia as memory loss plus one additional deficit in an area that affects ADLs:

A

Verbal/written expressive and receptive language
Recognition/identification of objects
Inability to execute motor activities
Abstract thinking, judgment, and execution of complex tasks

59
Q

Sudden disturbance in consciousness or change in cognitive ability that fluctuates throughout the course of the day

A

Delirium

60
Q

Onset of ___ is result of general medical condition (such as UTI).

A

Delirium

61
Q

-Begins suddenly and develops quickly
-Cognitive ability fluctuates throughout the course of the day.

A

Delirium

62
Q

-Begins gradually and progresses
-Cognitive changes do not vary much throughout the course of a day.

A

Dementia

63
Q

SLP Must recognize, diagnose, and provide treatment for ___ and ___ deficits, as well as the training and counseling of caregivers.

A

Must recognize, diagnose, and provide treatment for cognitive and communicative deficits, as well as the training and counseling of caregivers.

64
Q

Normal aging

A

Language remains intact
Sustained attention remains mostly intact
Slight decline in selective attention skills
Divided attention skills intact during simple tasks
Divided attention begins to break down in complex tasks
Reaction time is slowed
Long-term memory and procedural memory remain intact
Episodic and short-term memories are reduced

65
Q

Progressive diseases nad terminal illnesses are the most etiologies of dementia a

A

True

66
Q

Primarily by degeneration of the cerebral cortex.

A

Cortical dementia

67
Q

Cerebral cortex is the ____ layer of your brain.

A

Cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of your brain.

68
Q

The most common etiology of dementia is ____

A

The most common etiology of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease.

69
Q

Alzheimer’s is a progressive and fatal disease with no known treatments to stop or slow progression.

A
70
Q

Alzheimer’s Onset usually after age ___

A

Onset usually after age 65

71
Q

1906 autopsied the brain of former patient who displayed odd behaviors and a profound short term memory loss.

A

Alois Alzheimer’s

72
Q

Samples of brain tissue under the microscope revealed pathologic anomalies, which would be called neurofibriallary tangels, amyloid plaques and granulovascular degeneration.

A
73
Q

Alzheimer’s Neuropathology includes presence of:

A

Neuropathology includes presence of:
Neurofibrillary tangles
Amyloid plaques
Granulovacuolar degeneration
General neuronal atrophy-shrinkage of cortex and widening of ventricles

74
Q

These clumps begin to occupy large amounts of space within the neuron
Causing cellular dysfunction and cell death

A

Nerofibtilllary tangles

75
Q

Abnormal intracellular clumps of misfolded and insoluble tau protein in the cell bodies of neurons that the cell cannot dispose of properly

A

Nerofibrillary tangles

76
Q

Abnormal extracellular deposits of the protein amyloid beta.

A

Amyloid plaques

77
Q

Reduce the ability of neurons to function eventually leading to cell death.

A

Amyloid plaques

78
Q

Formation of abnormal membranous sacks of fluid containing granules within the cytoplasm of certain neurons

A

Granulovacuolar degeneration

79
Q

Pathologic changes in brain tissue either contribute to or are concomitant with the progressive disease in amount of brain tissue.

A

Alzheimer’s diseases

80
Q

Diagnostic test uses a compound, known as Pitssburg B compound (PiB).

A

PiB test

81
Q

Inject the compound into the bloodstream.
Once it travels to the brain it binds with amyloid deposits in the brain. When the brain is scanned using positron emission tomography, it makes visible to reseachers whether the amyloid plaques are present and where they are located.
View the pattern of amyloid buildup in the brains of individuals.

A

PiB test

82
Q

Risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Women are more likely than man to delveiop
A family history of individuals who developed Alzheimer’s
A history of depression increases the risk of Alzheimer’s
Past head trauma
Individuals with less education are at a higher risk than those with higher levels of education

83
Q

Early stage of Alzheimer’s

A

-Motor function retained
-Short-term memory loss
-word-finding difficulties
-comprehension of verbal language deficits
-personality changes
-Early stage lasts 2 years on average

84
Q

Mid stage of Alzheimer’s

A

-Negative impact on ADLs and reliance on others
-More severe memory loss, attention deficits, dramatic personality changes, visuospatial and visuoconstructive deficits, and expressive language deficits
-May experience wanderlust, sundowner’s syndrome, disorientation, and confusion
-Mid stage lasts from 4 to 10 years

85
Q

Late stage of Alzheimer’s

A

-Loss of motor function
-May become nonambulatory, bedridden, incontinent, and unresponsive
-Memory, cognition, and expressive language deficits are profound
-May cause muteness and dysphagia

86
Q

Degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes

A

Frontotemporal dementia

87
Q

Cortical Dementia: Frontotemporal Dementia includes

A

Pick’s disease
Progressive nonfluent aphasia
Semantic dementia

88
Q

Arnold Pick identified the clinical syndrome.

A

Picks disease

89
Q

Characterized by personality changes, antisocial and inappropriate behavior, and memory loss in absence of language deficits

A

Picks disease

90
Q

Dementia resulting from progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes.

A

Picks disease

91
Q

Neuropathology includes Pick bodies and ballooned neurons
Results in shrinkage of frontal and temporal lobes
No amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles

A

Picks disease

92
Q

Huntingtons disease falls under ___ dementia

A

Subcortical dementia

93
Q

___ & __ fall under cortical dementia

A

Alzheimer’s and picks disease

94
Q

Neuropathology includes production of mutant Huntingtin protein that creates degeneration of basal ganglia, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and Purkinje cells of pons

A

Huntington’s disease

95
Q

Hereditary disorder, which makes identification easier.

A

Huntingtons

96
Q

Typical life span is 20 years after diagnosis.

A

Huntingtons

97
Q

Characterized by motor symptoms of chorea, emotional problems, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, difficulties with executive functioning, sleeping and swallowing difficulties

A

Stage 1 &2 of Huntingtons

98
Q

Characterized by chorea and hyperkinesias that interfere with speech production
Training on AAC for future loss of verbal and written expression

A

Stages 2 3 and 4 of Huntingtons

99
Q

Characterized by nonambulatory, rigidity, bradykinesia, incoordination, full dependence on others, high risk of aspiration, and use of AAC devices to communicate

A

Stage 5 of Huntingtons

100
Q

Presence of abnormal spherical deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein in the cell bodies of neurons.

A

Levy body disease

101
Q

2 Primary Variants of Lewy Body Disease:

A

Parkinson’s disease
Dementia with Lewy bodies

102
Q

Characterized by motor abnormalities such as rigidity, tremor, slowness of volitional movement, and cognitive deficits

A

Parkinson’s disease

103
Q

No known treatment to slow or stop disease process

A

Parkinson’s diseases

104
Q

Neuropathology includes loss of dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra as a result of Lewy bodies.

A

Parkinson’s disease

105
Q

Medical treatment for Parkinsonian symptoms

A

Levodopa/ l-dopa

106
Q

Levodopa is converted into ___ within the brain.
Medical treatment for Parkinsonian symptoms

A

Dopamine

107
Q

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with an average onset of around age ___ that affects ___ more than ___

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with an average onset of around age 60 that affects men more than women

108
Q

Ocular motor problems characterized by difficulty looking down and an upward gaze
Early-onset frontal lobe syndrome characterized by cognitive symptoms of personality changes, loss of executive functioning, memory and attention deficits, apathy
Individuals with PSP also display balance difficulties and an exceedingly straight posture known as axial rigidity.

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy

109
Q

Two commonly used medications:
For dementia

A

Donepezil (Aricept)
Memantine (Namenda)

110
Q

Therapy for dementia
Should improve _____and ensure individual is operating at the ___level possible despite deficits
Strengthen abilities that can improve
___ demands on impaired abilities

A

Should improve quality of life and ensure individual is operating at the highest level possible despite deficits
Reduce demands on impaired abilities

111
Q

Therapy for dementia

A

Increase use of intact cognitive abilities
Provide stimuli that evoke positive emotion and memories

112
Q

Semi-cued conversation about past events, experiences, and activities to increase orientation and recall of pleasant long-term and episodic memory

A

Reminiscent therapy

113
Q

Difficulty level of task is set within the ability of the patient to maximize patient success and minimize patient failure

A

Errorless learning

114
Q

Presentation of new or previously known information that must be recalled over increasingly greater intervals of time

A

Spaced retrieval training

115
Q

External memory aids such as memory books/wallets, calendars, smart phones, or personal digital assistance to augment memory

A

Memory prostheses

116
Q

Breaking down complex tasks into individual parts into hierarchy of difficulty and from concrete to abstract

A

Montessori approach

117
Q

Direct therapy strategies include

A

Reminiscence therapy
Errorless learning
Spaced retrieval training
Memory prostheses
Montessori approach

118
Q

Custom-made videos that provide audiovisual presentation of personal facts and past events to increase orientation and decrease confusion

A

Life history videos

119
Q

Keep individual with dementia safe, calm, and minimize disorientation

A

Environmental manipulators

120
Q

Indirect therapy strategies include

A

Life history videos
Enviorenmntal manipulators

121
Q

Strategies that focus on modifying or manipulating the physical or communicative environment

A

Indirect therapy strategies

122
Q

Individual or group therapy sessions that target deficits

A

Direct therapy strategies

Neurogenic Disorders (5 decks)

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