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Biology 181 > Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. observation/question
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment
  4. data
  5. conclusion (Is the hypothesis supported or not?)
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2
Q

Can you prove a hypothesis?

A

no

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3
Q

What is the hierarchy of acceptance for expected experimental results?

A
  1. hypothesis
  2. theory
  3. law
  4. dogma
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4
Q

Bacterial cells divide in a process called ______.

A

fission

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5
Q

Is fission a clonal process?

A

yes

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6
Q

Which organisms participate in the process of mitosis?

A

all higher organisms

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7
Q

Is mitosis a clonal process?

A

yes

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the process of mitosis?

A

growth, wound repair, cell replacement

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9
Q

Is meiosis a clonal process?

A

no

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10
Q

Which organisms participate in the process of meiosis?

A

all higher organisms

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11
Q

Which organisms participate in the process of fission?

A

bacteria

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12
Q

What main cell feature do viruses lack?

A

a cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the translation of “prokaryote?”

A

pro=early, karyos=nucleus

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14
Q

What is special about prokaryotes?

A

they lack a nucleus

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15
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

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16
Q

How long ago was:
the earth formed?
the primitive cell formed?
the advanced cell formed?

A

the earth: 4.5 bya
the primitive cell: 3.5 bya
the advanced cell: 1.5 bya

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17
Q

What is the translation of “eukaryote?”

A

eu=true, karyos=nucleus

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18
Q

What is special about eukaryotes?

A

they have a nucleus

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19
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that derive their nutritional requirements from complex organic substances (get food from environment)

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20
Q

What is the translation of “heterotroph?”

A

hetero=other, troph=feeder

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21
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

organisms that convert sunlight energy into the chemical energy in sugar (make own food), photosynthesis

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22
Q

What is the translation of “autotroph?”

A

auto=self, troph=feeder

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23
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the study of classification

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24
Q

What is the translation of “taxonomy?”

A

taxon=group, onomy=study of

25
Q

What are organisms grouped in terms of within taxonomy?

A

relatedness to other organisms

26
Q

What was Socrates’ classification system?

A

450-400 b.c.
2 kingdoms:
1) plants
2) animals

27
Q

What was the classification system after the inventions of the microscope and world travel?

A

3 kingdoms:

1) animals
2) plants
3) protists

28
Q

What was the classification system after the invention of the electron microscope?

A

proposed by Whittaker, 5 kingdoms:

1) monera
2) protista
3) fungi
4) plantae
5) animalia

29
Q

What organisms exist in the kingdom “monera?”

A

prokaryotes- single-celled organisms that have neither distinct nuclei with membranes nor other specialized organelles

30
Q

What organisms exist in the kingdom “protista?”

A

1) protozoa- motile protists

2) algae- single cellular, contain chlorophyll

31
Q

What are archaebacteria?

A

primitive bacteria microorganisms that have one cell and live in environments that are severe

32
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

bacteria of a large group typically having simple cells with rigid cell walls and often flagella for movement. The group comprises the “true” bacteria and cyanobacteria, as distinct from archaebacteria

33
Q

What was the classification system after the invention of DNA technology?

A

proposed by Woese, 3 domains:

1) Archaea (prokaryotes- extreme environments)
2) Eubacteria (prokaryotes- non-extreme environments)
3) Eukarya (eukaryotes)

34
Q

What is the current classification system?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum(animals)/Division(plants), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

35
Q

How do scientific names work?

A

binomial:
generic name (genus), then specific epithet (species)
rules:
1) genus capitalized, species lower case
2) whole binomial is italicized/underlined
3) may abbrev. genus but never species
4) species singular: sp., species plural: spp.
ex. Vitis spp.

36
Q

What are the four general cell types?

A
  1. heterotrophic monera (bacteria)
  2. autotrophic monera (bacteria)
  3. heterotrophic eukaryote
  4. autotrophic eukaryote
37
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

protection and strength

38
Q

What protrudes through the cell wall?

A

the flagellum

39
Q

What is the cell wall made out of?

A

a network of fibers

40
Q

Does the cell wall regulate what leaves and enters the cell?

A

no

41
Q

What is the cell membrane made out of?

A

lipids and proteins

42
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

1) to control what enters and leaves the cell

2) site of specific chemical reactions (enzyme-catalyzed)

43
Q

What is metabolism defined as?

A

many chemical reactions

44
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein that controls chemical reactions, acts as a catalyst, making chemical reactions more likely to happen

45
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

46
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

heredity and cell control

47
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a small, circular piece of DNA

1) may contain a gene or 2
2) freely enter/leave and integrate into larger DNA molecules

48
Q

What is the function of a plasmid?

A

to transmit information

49
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

a motor that uses ATP, essentially a tail

50
Q

How do flagella move a cell?

A

run and tumble motion, random finding of food (unlike eukaryotic cell)

51
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells

52
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

53
Q

How large is a ribosome?

A

about 70s (suedberg units)

54
Q

What is the cytoplasm made out of?

A

mostly water

55
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

pressure that provides shape and prevents compression (cytoplasm)

56
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

A

1) turgor pressure
2) universal solvent
3) mixing (cytoplasmic streaming & cyclosis, encourages/speeds up chemical reactions)

57
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

a filament in a cell, it’s still up in the air if this exists in prokaryote cells

58
Q

What does a cytoskeleton do?

A

provides cell shape, moves stuff around, proteins

59
Q

What is an organelle?

A

sub-cellular compartment, membrane-bound, concentrates and isolates related chemical reactions

Biology 181 (5 decks)

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