Chapters 1 & 2

Question 1

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

Answer 1

1. observation/question
2. hypothesis
3. experiment
4. data
5. conclusion (Is the hypothesis supported or not?)

Question 2

Can you prove a hypothesis?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

What is the hierarchy of acceptance for expected experimental results?

Answer 3

1. hypothesis
2. theory
3. law
4. dogma

Question 4

Bacterial cells divide in a process called ______.

Answer 4

fission

Question 5

Is fission a clonal process?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

Which organisms participate in the process of mitosis?

Answer 6

all higher organisms

Question 7

Is mitosis a clonal process?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

What is the purpose of the process of mitosis?

Answer 8

growth, wound repair, cell replacement

Question 9

Is meiosis a clonal process?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

Which organisms participate in the process of meiosis?

Answer 10

all higher organisms

Question 11

Which organisms participate in the process of fission?

Answer 11

bacteria

Question 12

What main cell feature do viruses lack?

Answer 12

a cell membrane

Question 13

What is the translation of “prokaryote?”

Answer 13

pro=early, karyos=nucleus

Question 14

What is special about prokaryotes?

Answer 14

they lack a nucleus

Question 15

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 15

prokaryotes

Question 16

How long ago was:
the earth formed?
the primitive cell formed?
the advanced cell formed?

Answer 16

the earth: 4.5 bya
the primitive cell: 3.5 bya
the advanced cell: 1.5 bya

Question 17

What is the translation of “eukaryote?”

Answer 17

eu=true, karyos=nucleus

Question 18

What is special about eukaryotes?

Answer 18

they have a nucleus

Question 19

What are heterotrophs?

Answer 19

organisms that derive their nutritional requirements from complex organic substances (get food from environment)

Question 20

What is the translation of “heterotroph?”

Answer 20

hetero=other, troph=feeder

Question 21

What are autotrophs?

Answer 21

organisms that convert sunlight energy into the chemical energy in sugar (make own food), photosynthesis

Question 22

What is the translation of “autotroph?”

Answer 22

auto=self, troph=feeder

Question 23

What is taxonomy?

Answer 23

the study of classification

Question 24

What is the translation of “taxonomy?”

Answer 24

taxon=group, onomy=study of

Question 25

What are organisms grouped in terms of within taxonomy?

Answer 25

relatedness to other organisms

Question 26

What was Socrates' classification system?

Answer 26

450-400 b.c. 2 kingdoms: 1) plants 2) animals

Question 27

What was the classification system after the inventions of the microscope and world travel?

Answer 27

3 kingdoms: 1) animals 2) plants 3) protists

Question 28

What was the classification system after the invention of the electron microscope?

Answer 28

proposed by Whittaker, 5 kingdoms: 1) monera 2) protista 3) fungi 4) plantae 5) animalia

Question 29

What organisms exist in the kingdom "monera?"

Answer 29

prokaryotes- single-celled organisms that have neither distinct nuclei with membranes nor other specialized organelles

Question 30

What organisms exist in the kingdom "protista?"

Answer 30

1) protozoa- motile protists | 2) algae- single cellular, contain chlorophyll

Question 31

What are archaebacteria?

Answer 31

primitive bacteria microorganisms that have one cell and live in environments that are severe

Question 32

What are eubacteria?

Answer 32

bacteria of a large group typically having simple cells with rigid cell walls and often flagella for movement. The group comprises the “true” bacteria and cyanobacteria, as distinct from archaebacteria

Question 33

What was the classification system after the invention of DNA technology?

Answer 33

proposed by Woese, 3 domains: 1) Archaea (prokaryotes- extreme environments) 2) Eubacteria (prokaryotes- non-extreme environments) 3) Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Question 34

What is the current classification system?

Answer 34

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum(animals)/Division(plants), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 35

How do scientific names work?

Answer 35

binomial: generic name (genus), then specific epithet (species) rules: 1) genus capitalized, species lower case 2) whole binomial is italicized/underlined 3) may abbrev. genus but never species 4) species singular: sp., species plural: spp. ex. Vitis spp.

Question 36

What are the four general cell types?

Answer 36

1. heterotrophic monera (bacteria) 2. autotrophic monera (bacteria) 3. heterotrophic eukaryote 4. autotrophic eukaryote

Question 37

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 37

protection and strength

Question 38

What protrudes through the cell wall?

Answer 38

the flagellum

Question 39

What is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 39

a network of fibers

Question 40

Does the cell wall regulate what leaves and enters the cell?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

What is the cell membrane made out of?

Answer 41

lipids and proteins

Question 42

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 42

1) to control what enters and leaves the cell | 2) site of specific chemical reactions (enzyme-catalyzed)

Question 43

What is metabolism defined as?

Answer 43

many chemical reactions

Question 44

What is an enzyme?

Answer 44

a protein that controls chemical reactions, acts as a catalyst, making chemical reactions more likely to happen

Question 45

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 45

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 46

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 46

heredity and cell control

Question 47

What is a plasmid?

Answer 47

a small, circular piece of DNA 1) may contain a gene or 2 2) freely enter/leave and integrate into larger DNA molecules

Question 48

What is the function of a plasmid?

Answer 48

to transmit information

Question 49

What is a flagellum?

Answer 49

a motor that uses ATP, essentially a tail

Question 50

How do flagella move a cell?

Answer 50

run and tumble motion, random finding of food (unlike eukaryotic cell)

Question 51

What are ribosomes?

Answer 51

minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells

Question 52

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 52

They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Question 53

How large is a ribosome?

Answer 53

about 70s (suedberg units)

Question 54

What is the cytoplasm made out of?

Answer 54

mostly water

Question 55

What is turgor pressure?

Answer 55

pressure that provides shape and prevents compression (cytoplasm)

Question 56

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

Answer 56

1) turgor pressure 2) universal solvent 3) mixing (cytoplasmic streaming & cyclosis, encourages/speeds up chemical reactions)

Question 57

What is a cytoskeleton?

Answer 57

a filament in a cell, it's still up in the air if this exists in prokaryote cells

Question 58

What does a cytoskeleton do?

Answer 58

provides cell shape, moves stuff around, proteins

Question 59

What is an organelle?

Answer 59

sub-cellular compartment, membrane-bound, concentrates and isolates related chemical reactions