Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 16 Flashcards
cell -> supercoiled DNA with histones -> also?
= A nucleus
cellular function -> isolated cell absorbs oxygen -> transform nutrients to energy?
= Respiration
eukaryotic cell -> DNA replication -> region of cell most genetic information?
= Nucleolus
fluid mosaic -> float singly or as aggregates in the fluid lipid bilayer?
-> Integral membrane proteins
Which can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
= Ligands
finding support diagnosis of metastatic cancer -> Alterations extracellular matrix that
= Decreased fibronectin
form cell communication used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
= Cell junction
Pancreatic beta cells ->insulin -> secretion of glucagon neighboring
alpha cells -> signaling types?
= Paracrine
cellular metabolism -> enzyme high affinity for a
= Substrate
what deficiency -> impaired muscle contraction
= ATP
phase of catabolism produces most ATP?
= Citric acid cycle
three phases of cellular catabolism
-> Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation & citric acid cycle
depleted all oxygen available muscle energy -> continues muscle performance?
= Anaerobic glycolysis
term movement -> small, electrically uncharged molecules -> semipermeable barrier
= Diffusion
Electrolytes are
= Electrically charged molecules
oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) determined
= Plasma proteins
body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg
= Osmolality
cirrhosis -> cholesterol?
= Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
movement fluid across arterial end of capillary membranes into interstitial fluid surrounding capillary
= Hydrostatic pressure
diarrhea -> hypertonic saline solution intravenously replace -> sodium + chloride effect on cells?
= Cells will shrink.
glucose transport type -> blood to cell
= Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
potassium + sodium transported across plasma membranes?
= By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
potassium -> easily in and out of cells?
= Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
transport type -> Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously same direction
Symport
process -> lysosomal enzymes -> degrade engulfed particles?
= Phagocytosis
cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on
= Receptor-mediated endocytosis
cancer drugs -> cell cycle phase of nuclear and cytoplasmic division
= M
causes rapid change resting membrane potential -> action potential?
= Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
potential from negative to positive.
predominant intracellular ion is Na+ & extracellular ion is K+ -> voltage change -> action potential?
= K+ rushing into the cell
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of
= Connective tissue cells
cell cycle -> centromeres split -> sister chromatids pulled apart
= Anaphase
role cytokines -> cell reproduction?
= Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development
biopsy -> lung bronchi -> ciliated epithelial cells capable secretion and absorption -> called _____ columnar epithelium
= Ciliated simple
predominant extracellular cation as
= Sodium
primary function of the nerve cell
= Conductivity
basic components of DNA
= A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
mutations -> most significant effect on protein synthesis?
= Frameshift mutations
base components DNA
= A, G, C, and T
DNA sequence ATCGGAT-> complementary strand
= TAGCCTAG
RNA directs the synthesis of protein
= Translation
homologous chromosomes -> fail separate during meiosis
= Nondisjunction
cell -> not multiple of 23 chromosomes
= polyploid
stillborn child -> fetus 92 chromosomes -> condition?
= Tetraploidy
extra portion chromosome -> each cell
= Partial trisomy
chromosomal mosaic, patient -> what that means -> genetic disease(s)
= Have a mild form
most common cause of Down syndrome
= Maternal nondisjunction
risk factors for Down syndrome
= Pregnancy in women over age 35
karyotype -> absent homologous X chromosome + only single X chromosome present -> medical diagnosis
= Turner syndrome
XXY -> genetic disorder is called -> syndrome
= Klinefelter
severe mental retardation -> deletion part chromosome 5 -> genetic disorder?
= Cri du chat syndrome
three offspring: one autosomal dominant disease trait, two normal ->father autosomal dominant disease, mother not disease gene -> risk autosomal dominant disease next child?
-> 50%
neurofibromatosis -> why varying degrees -> Which genetic principle
= Expressivity
Cystic fibrosis is caused by -> gene
= Autosomal recessive
Prader-Willi syndrome -> example of
= Gene imprinting
Duchenne muscular dystrophy -> inherited condition through -> trait
= Sex-linked recessive
blue eyes (bb) -> mother blue + father brown -> father?
= Bb
cystic fibrosis -> child’s parents’ siblings -> most likely the result of
= Consanguinity
Klinefelter syndrome -> karyotype
= XY
express polygenic trait
= Several genes must act together.
karyotype -> absent homologous X chromosome-> only a single X chromosome features: short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair
= Turner syndrome
normal male + female carrier for red-green color blindness mate X-linked recessive -> likelihood children affected?
= Males most affected; no females affected
gradual increase height -> population past 100 years
= A multifactorial trait
DNA replication -> enzyme is most important?
= DNA polymerase
regions heterogeneous nuclear RNA -> spliced out -> functional RNA
= Introns
mental retardation -> fragile X syndrome -> cause?
Duplication at fragile sites
Huntington’s disease -> Transmission associated
= Delayed age of onset
Mutations no change -> amino acid sequence -> no consequence -> mutation?
= Silent
pedigree chart -> looking for?
= The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
disorder primarily in males?
= Muscular dystrophy
muscular atrophy -> decrease muscle cell
= Size
childhood -> thymus decreases size -> atrophy?
= Physiologic
response increased workload -> cardiac myocardial cells
= Increase in size
stratified squamous epithelial cells -> replaced normal columnar ciliated cells -> cellular adaption?
= Metaplasia
pregnant -> mammary glands enlarge
= Hormonal hyperplasia
excessive menstrual bleeding -> endometrial changes -> hormonal imbalances -> cellular change?
= Pathologic hyperplasia
hepatocellular cancer -> secondary hepatitis C -> cancerous region liver -> removed -> remaining cells undergo
= Compensatory hyperplasia
cervical cancer -> cellular changes?
= Dysplasia
chest pain on exertion -> most likely hypoxic injury secondary to
= Ischemia
heart attack -> progressive cell injury -> cell death + severe cell swelling + breakdown organelles
= Necrosis
Sodium + water accumulation -> injured cell
= Decreased ATP production
early dilation (swelling) cells -> endoplasmic reticulum
= Reduced protein synthesis
myocardial infarction -> secondary atherosclerosis + ischemia-> oxygen -> damaged heart, reperfusion injury
= Free radical formation
family -> headache, nausea, weakness + vomiting -> most likely
-> Carbon monoxide poisoning
common pathway -> irreversible cell injury -> increased intracellular
= Calcium
closed head injury -> collection blood inner surface -> dura mater + surface brain -> type injury?
= Subdural hematoma
jagged sharp-force injury -> longer than it is deep -> type wound?
= Incised wound
gunshot wound head -> seared edges + deep penetration -> smoke + gunpowder fragments
= Contact range entrance
15-year-old female ->physical assault-> internal damage neck + deep bruising -> fractures hyoid bone + tracheal + cricoid cartilage -> injuries?
= Manual strangulation
swelling feet-> aided development swelling?
= Na+ movement into the cell
multiple myeloma -> Biopsy -> Russell bodies + laboratory -> kidney dysfunction -> substance accumulating?
= Protein
newborn male -> albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance -> supported finding?
= Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
black eye following a fight -> bruising due accumulation
= Hemosiderin
Liquefactive necrosis -> brain?
= It is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids
swallowed watch batteries -> ingestion, kidney function impaired -> heart began to fail -> cause?
= Coagulative necrosis
tuberculosis -> tissues soft and granular (like clumped cheese) -> cause?
= Caseous necrosis
Clostridium bacteria -> died week later -> RBC lysis membranes -> cause death?
= Gas gangrene
apoptosis -> cells program themselves to
= Die
intravenous drug user -> hepatitis C. -> cell death secondary
= Pathologic apoptosis
principle -> distinguish aging from diseases
= It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result
from cell injury.
muscle stiffening -> 6 to 14 hours after death
= Rigor mortis
urinalysis -> alert -> cellular injury presence of
= Excessive protein
wasting syndrome -> aging -> vulnerable falls, functional decline, disease, death -> experiencing
= Frailty
Confirmation somatic death -> based on
= Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
blood plasma located -> fluid compartments?
= Intravascular fluid
male 70 kg -> how much ICF?
= 42 L
elderly higher risk -> dehydration
= Decreased muscle mass
patient decreased oncotic pressure -> capillaries?
= Liver failure
Water movement ICF + ECF compartments
= Osmotic forces
Starling forces -> fluid movement -> alteration fluid -> interstitial space?
= Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
dehydrated patient ->principle of water balance -> related balance
= Sodium
chronic renal failure -> edema -> condition cause?
= Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
10-year-old male -> ER -> incoherent and semiconscious -> cerebral edema
= Localized edema
Secretion of ADH is stimulated by
= Increased plasma osmolality
Secretion of aldosterone results in
= Increased blood volume
hormone-secreting tumor adrenal cortex -> lab results?
= Decreased blood K+ levels
Natriuretic hormones affect balance of
= Sodium
5-year-old male -> ER -> delirium + sunken eyes -> severe dehydration
= Intracellular dehydration
most risk hypernatremia?
= Dehydration
most common cause pure water deficit
= Renal water loss
Hyperlipidemia + hyperglycemia associated
= Hypertonic hyponatremia
lethargy, confusion, depressed reflexes -> not follow prescribed diet + medication
sporadically -> hyperglycemia
= Decreased sodium
Hyperkalemia causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle
= Increase; increased
most prone to hypochloremia?
= Increased bicarbonate intake
monitor for hyperkalemia?
= Acute acidosis
organ system monitor -> long-term potassium deficits?
= Kidneys
muscle weakness + cardiac abnormalities. -> hypokalemic -> cause condition?
= Primary hyperaldosteronism
restlessness, muscle, cramping, diarrhea -> hyperkalemic -> caused condition?
= Acidosis
hyperkalemia-> assessment findings?
= Oliguria
buffer pairs -> major plasma buffering system?
= Carbonic acid/bicarbonate
regulation acid-base balance -> removal or retention volatile acids
= Lungs
Physiologic pH -> 7.4 -> carbonic acid + bicarbonate ratio
= 20:1
pt. most prone metabolic alkalosis
= Excessive loss of chloride (Cl)
pt. both -> hyperkalemia + metabolic acidosis
= Renal failure
pt. metabolic acidosis –> body compensates by
= Hyperventilating
finding -> diagnosis of respiratory acidosis?
= Pneumonia
long history smoking -> excessive tiredness, SOB + overall ill feelings-> decreased pH, increased CO2, normal bicarbonate ion
= Respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by body
= Kidney excretion of H+
dizziness, confusion, tingling extremities -> elevated pH, decreased PCO2, slightly decreased HCO3
= Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
elevated level natriuretic peptides -> organ priority?
= Heart
history of smoking -> hormone-secreting lung tumor -> assessment findings?
= Confusion, Weakness, Nausea, Muscle twitching
