Chapters 1&2 2025 Chem 101

Question 1

A mixture in which the components are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries or regions

Answer 1

Homogeneous mixture

Question 2

Another name for a homogeneous mixture that are often liquids, but may also be solids or gases

Answer 2

Solution

Question 3

A mixture in which the components are not distributed uniformly so that mixture contains distinct regions of different competitions

Answer 3

Heterogeneous mixture

Question 4

The smallest particle of an element that retains the elements properties

Answer 4

Atom

Question 5

A collection of atoms, chemically bonded together in characteristic proportions

Answer 5

Molecule

Question 6

A force that holds two atoms or ions in a compound together

Answer 6

Chemical bond

Question 7

Notation for representing elements and compounds; consists of the symbols of the constituent elements, each followed by subscripts that identify the number of atoms of each element present

Answer 7

Chemical formula

Question 8

Notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficient expressed the quantities of sub substances involved in a chemical reaction

Answer 8

Chemical equation

Question 9

The capacity to do work

Answer 9

Energy

Question 10

The principal that all samples of a compound contain the same elements combined in the same proportion

Answer 10

Law of constant composition

Question 11

A particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or net electrical charge

Answer 11

Ion

Question 12

An ion with a positive charge

Answer 12

Cation

Question 13

An ion with a negative charge

Answer 13

Anion

Question 14

2 atom molecules

Answer 14

Diatomic molecules

Question 15

7 diatomic molecules, only appear in pairs

Answer 15

N2, O2, H2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Question 16

what are three phases of a substance that can be involved in a chemical equation

Answer 16

Solid liquid or gas

Question 17

What two elements can react to produce energy

Answer 17

Hydrogen and oxygen

Question 18

What are three ways to represent the arrangement of atoms in a molecule?

Answer 18

Structural formula, ball-and-stick model, space-filling model

Question 19

Ways to separate the components of a mixture

Answer 19

Centrifugation - blood samples are placed in centrifuge tubes and subjected to forces about 1000 times the force of gravity,- causes large dense red blood cells to settle to the bottom of tubes

Electrophoresis- separation of proteins based on whether they are positively negatively or have no net charge. The negative charge proteins are separate mostly by molecular size smaller molecules, move faster than larger ones.

Question 20

The components of a liquid mixture can also be separated by exploding differences in their _______? This is how easily they can be converted from liquids to gases.

Answer 20

Volatilities

Question 21

A widely used technique used to separate the components of a mixture, which can be used to desalinate seawater

Answer 21

Distillation

Question 22

This process can be used to remove essentially all the dissolved ions from water

Answer 22

Ion exchange

Question 23

During the process of ion exchange, what happens to any dissolved cat ions in the water and any dissolved an ions?

Answer 23

Any dissolved cations in the water are replaced with H+ ions

Any dissolved anions are replaced with OH- ions

Question 24

What face symbol indicates that ions are dissolved in water?

Answer 24

Aq -for aqueous solution

Question 26

What is the framework for solving problems that the book uses with the acronym COAST

Answer 26

collect, organized, analyze, solve, think about the answer

Question 27

A property that is independent of the amount of substance present

Answer 27

Intensive- Color, hardness, malleability, melting point, boiling point

Question 28

A property that varies with the quantity of the substance present

Answer 28

Extensive property- length, width, mass, volume

Question 29

A property of a substance that can be observed, without changing it into another substance & can be observed, just by looking at it

Answer 29

Physical property

Question 30

The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

Answer 30

D=m/v DENSITY

Question 31

A property of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance

Answer 31

Chemical property Ex high flammability Rates of its reactions, identities of other substances with which area reacts, the products they form, define the chemical properties of the substance

Question 33

What is the difference between a chemical and a physical property?

Answer 33

A chemical property changes the substance into another substance whereas a physical property changes the state of matter of the substance from solid to liquid to gas, etc. A chemical property actually changes the chemical make up of the element.

Question 34

A form of matter that has a definite volume and shape

Answer 34

Solid

Question 35

A form of matter that occupies a definite volume, but flows to assume the shape of its container

Answer 35

Liquid

Question 36

A form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape, and that expands to fill his container

Answer 36

Gas, also called vapor!

Question 37

The transformation of solid directly to vapor without passing through the liquid stage

Answer 37

Sublimation

Question 38

The reverse process in which a gas (water vapor) is transformed directly into a solid without passing the liquid stage going straight to Frost

Answer 38

Deposition

Question 39

Matter changes from one state to another when___________ is either added or removed

Answer 39

ENERGY Matter changes from one state to another when energy is added or removed

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 43

Transformation of a solid directly into a vapor/gas?

Answer 43

Sublimation

Question 44

Transformation of a vapor/gas directly into a solid?

Answer 44

Deposition

Question 45

An approach to acquiring knowledge based on observation of phenomena, development of a testable hypothesis, and additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis

Answer 45

Scientific method

Question 46

A tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations

Answer 46

Hypothesis

Question 47

A general explanation of a widely observed phenomenon that has been extensively, tested, and validated

Answer 47

Scientific theory (model)

Question 48

Mother Earth Father Sky

Answer 48

Dane and Greeks believe that the beginning of time there was no matter only a vast emptiness they called chaos and that from the emptiness emerged GAIA, (also known as Mother Earth) the first supreme being, who gave birth to URANUS, (Father Sky)

Question 49

Einstein’s formula for energy

Answer 49

E=mc^2 E- energy M- the equivalent mass of matter C- the speed of light

Question 50

British astronomer that first used the term Big Bang

Answer 50

Sir Fred Hoyle

Question 51

Who proposed the first standard unit of length which they called the meter?

Answer 51

1791 French scientists

Question 52

What was named after the Greek metron, which means “measure”?

Answer 52

Meter (m)

Question 53

1/10,000,000 of the distance, along an imaginary line running from the north pole to the equator

Answer 53

The length of the meter

Question 54

SI unit for volume

Answer 54

Cubic meter M^3

Question 55

SI unit for speed

Answer 55

Meters per second M/s

Question 56

One cubic decimeter (A cube 1/10 meter on each side)

Answer 56

Liter

Question 57

How do we express the densities of gases with SI units

Answer 57

Grams/liter (g/L)

Question 59

Liquids are hundreds of times denser than gases so their densities are often expressed in?

Answer 59

g/cm^3 Grams per cubic centimeter Which is equivalent to grams per milliliter g/mL

Question 61

Solids have densities that are comparable to a greater than those of most liquids so their values are expressed in what SI units?

Answer 61

Grams per cubic centimeter g/cm^3

Question 62

A fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator, even though they are expressed in different units, making the value of the fraction one

Answer 62

Conversion factor

Question 63

Mass is measured in?

Answer 63

Kilograms, pounds, grams, ounces

Question 64

Length is measured in?

Answer 64

Meters, yards, feet? inches, centimeters, miles, kilometers

Question 65

Volume is measured in?

Answer 65

Cubic meters, liters, gallons, quarts

Question 66

How to calculate 241 km into miles?

Answer 66

241 km multiplied by the number of miles in 1 km 241km X 0.6214mi/1km =150 mi

Question 67

Significant figures number of digits used

Answer 67

All certain digits plus one estimated digit

Question 68

Are zeros at the beginning of a value

Answer 68

Never

Question 69

Are zeros at the end of a decimal significant

Answer 69

Always

Question 70

Our zeros at the end of a value that contains no decimal point significant?

Answer 70

May or may not be If the zeros are only there to hold a place, we should use scientific notation to express the number

Question 71

What is the calculation for density?

Answer 71

Density = mass / volume

Question 72

What is the weak-link principal?

Answer 72

A value is only as strong as its weakest link. A value should be reported to the number of significant figures of the smallest significant valued figure in the calculation If the last significant digit is five and there is at least one non-zero digit to the right of it we round up

Question 73

A method of calculating the density of an object, by placing it into a measured graduated cylinder of water and seeing how much the water rose when you put the object into the water

Answer 73

Displacement — the object displaced the water the amount that it’s mass takes up

Question 74

An average calculated by summoning a set of related values and dividing the sum by the number of values in the set?

Answer 74

Mean

Question 75

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of related values the lowercase Greek stigma is also used as a symbol for this?

Answer 75

Standard deviation

Question 76

The range of values around a calculated mean or the probability of containing the true value of a measurement

Answer 76

Confidence interval

Question 78

Absolute 0

Answer 78

0 Kelvin — subtract 273.15degrees to get Celsius from kelvin Kelvin = Celsius plus 273.15

Question 79

Matter exists as

Answer 79

Pure substances & Mixtures

Question 80

Pure Substances are

Answer 80

Elements or compounds

Question 81

Mixtures are

Answer 81

Homogeneous solutions - uniform Heterogeneous- oil & water

Question 82

All matter consists of particles called

Answer 82

Atoms Molecules- combinations of atoms held together by chemical bonds Ions - atoms or combinations of atoms that have a net negative or positive electrical charge.

Question 83

________ are used to describe the Polyatomic forms of elements, such as H2, and the elemental composition of compounds, such as H2O

Answer 83

Chemical Formulas

Question 84

______ describe the proportions of the substances involved in a chemical reaction ?

Answer 84

Chemical equations

Question 85

3-D arrangement of atoms in molecules are:

Answer 85

Space-filling & Ball-and-stick model

Question 86

Something matter undergoes that does not change its chemical identity

Answer 86

Physical processes

Question 87

________ transforms matter into different substances

Answer 87

Chemical reactions

Question 88

Matter is classified by

Answer 88

Physical properties & Chemical properties

Question 89

_______ may be used to separate mixtures into pure substances

Answer 89

Physical properties

Question 90

COAST means?

Answer 90

Collect & Organize- info & ideas Analyze- info to determine how it can be used to obtain the answer Solve- the answer to the problem. (Math) Think About It- consider your answers reasonableness, including its value and units

Question 92

Gases are compressible because

Answer 92

Their particles are spread far apart, Liquids & solids are not compressible

Question 93

Scientific method

Answer 93

Observation Explanation or Hypothesis More observation & testing Formulation of theory

Question 94

An extensively tested and well-validated hypothesis becomes accepted as a

Answer 94

Scientific Theory or Model

Question 95

Sig figs

Answer 95

All certain digits and 1 estimated Equations answer to the least # of sig figs

Question 96

How little variability there is between repeated measurements

Answer 96

Precision

Question 97

How close the measured value is to the actual mass of the object

Answer 97

Accuracy

Question 98

A # in a data set that is way far from the mean of all other values

Answer 98

Outlier

Question 99

The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas

Answer 99

Sublimation

Question 100

Properties of a substance that can only be determined by reacting it with another substance

Answer 100

Chemical property

Question 101

Property determined without altering the substances composition

Answer 101

Physical property

Question 102

Fahrenheit to Celsius

Answer 102

5/9(degrees f-32)

Question 104

Celsius to Kelvin

Answer 104

Degrees Celsius +273.15