Chapters 1, 2, 16, and 3

Question 1

The 5 non-scientific approaches to acquiring knowledge

Answer 1

Tenacity
Intuition
Authority
Faith 
Rational

Question 2

Basic research

Answer 2

research purely for the growth of understanding and knowledge

Question 3

Applied research

Answer 3

research that seeks to answer a specific question

Question 4

Quantitative research

Answer 4

number based research

Question 5

Qualitative Research: non-numerical research

Answer 5

non-numerical research

Question 6

Induction

Answer 6

small set of examples is used to describe a larger group

Question 7

Deduction

Answer 7

what is known about a larger group is used to predict things about a smaller group

Question 8

Publication bias

Answer 8

the outcome of an experiment or research study influences the decision whether to publish or otherwise distribute it

Question 9

What 3 things should a research report provide?

Answer 9

What was done
What was found
How it relates to other research

Question 10

Research manuscript layout (7)

Answer 10

1. Title page
2. Abstract
3. Text (introduction, methods, results, and discussion)
4. References
5. Tables
6. Figures
7. Appendices

Question 11

What information goes into the abstract? (5)

Answer 11

1. The question
2. Participants
3. Method
4. Results
5. Implications

Question 12

What information goes into the introduction? (4)

Answer 12

1. Topic of paper
2. Relevant literature
3. hypothesis
4. Research strategy

Question 13

What information goes into the methods section (3)

Answer 13

1. Subject description
2. Procedure description
3. Materials description

Question 14

What two things make a variable valid

Answer 14

Observable

Replicable

Question 15

What makes a variable observable?

Answer 15

Can be directly measured

Question 16

What makes a variable replicable?

Answer 16

Can be consistently observed

Question 17

a set of statements or mechanisms underlying a particular behavior

Answer 17

Theory

Question 18

hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help predict behavior

Answer 18

Constructs

Question 19

methods of defining and measuring constructs.

Answer 19

Operational definitions

Question 20

What is validity?

Answer 20

When something measures what it’s supposed to

Question 21

Face validity

Answer 21

Unscientific, when the procedure appears to measure what it’s supposed to

Question 22

Concurrent validity

Answer 22

When new scores match old scores

Question 23

Predictive validity

Answer 23

When old scores accurately predict new scores according to a defined theory

Question 24

Construct validity

Answer 24

When an operational definition for a variable accurately measures the variable it’s supposed to

Question 25

Convergent validity

Answer 25

When two different ways of measuring a variable get the same scores

Question 26

Divergent validity

Answer 26

When two ways of measuring a variable don’t match up in scores

Question 27

What are the three sources of error in a research study?

Answer 27

Human
Systematic
Random

Question 28

Continuous variables

Answer 28

Variable with infinite number of possible values

Question 29

Discrete variable

Answer 29

Finite number of possible values exist

Question 30

What are the four scales used in measurement?

Answer 30

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Radio

Question 31

Nominal scales:

Answer 31

categorized by name, reveals a difference

Question 32

Ordinal Scales:

Answer 32

indicates direction of the difference

Question 33

Interval scales:

Answer 33

direction and magnitude of difference

Question 34

Radio Scales:

Answer 34

direction and magnitude, real zero

Question 35

Ceiling effect

Answer 35

Cluster of scores at the high end making it hard to increase

Question 36

Floor effect

Answer 36

Cluster of scores at the low end making it hard to decrease

Question 37

4 characteristics of good hypothesis

Answer 37

Testable
Replicable
Positive
Simple

Question 38

Five elements of APA

Answer 38

Impersonal
Accurate
Comprehensive yet concise
Conservative
Unbiased