Chapters 1, 2, 16, and 3 Flashcards
The 5 non-scientific approaches to acquiring knowledge
Tenacity Intuition Authority Faith Rational
Basic research
research purely for the growth of understanding and knowledge
Applied research
research that seeks to answer a specific question
Quantitative research
number based research
Qualitative Research: non-numerical research
non-numerical research
Induction
small set of examples is used to describe a larger group
Deduction
what is known about a larger group is used to predict things about a smaller group
Publication bias
the outcome of an experiment or research study influences the decision whether to publish or otherwise distribute it
What 3 things should a research report provide?
What was done
What was found
How it relates to other research
Research manuscript layout (7)
- Title page
- Abstract
- Text (introduction, methods, results, and discussion)
- References
- Tables
- Figures
- Appendices
What information goes into the abstract? (5)
- The question
- Participants
- Method
- Results
- Implications
What information goes into the introduction? (4)
- Topic of paper
- Relevant literature
- hypothesis
- Research strategy
What information goes into the methods section (3)
- Subject description
- Procedure description
- Materials description
What two things make a variable valid
Observable
Replicable
What makes a variable observable?
Can be directly measured
What makes a variable replicable?
Can be consistently observed
a set of statements or mechanisms underlying a particular behavior
Theory
hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help predict behavior
Constructs
methods of defining and measuring constructs.
Operational definitions
What is validity?
When something measures what it’s supposed to
Face validity
Unscientific, when the procedure appears to measure what it’s supposed to
Concurrent validity
When new scores match old scores
Predictive validity
When old scores accurately predict new scores according to a defined theory
Construct validity
When an operational definition for a variable accurately measures the variable it’s supposed to
Convergent validity
When two different ways of measuring a variable get the same scores
Divergent validity
When two ways of measuring a variable don’t match up in scores
What are the three sources of error in a research study?
Human
Systematic
Random
Continuous variables
Variable with infinite number of possible values
Discrete variable
Finite number of possible values exist
What are the four scales used in measurement?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Radio
Nominal scales:
categorized by name, reveals a difference
Ordinal Scales:
indicates direction of the difference
Interval scales:
direction and magnitude of difference
Radio Scales:
direction and magnitude, real zero
Ceiling effect
Cluster of scores at the high end making it hard to increase
Floor effect
Cluster of scores at the low end making it hard to decrease
4 characteristics of good hypothesis
Testable
Replicable
Positive
Simple
Five elements of APA
Impersonal Accurate Comprehensive yet concise Conservative Unbiased
