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BIO233 > Chapterer 9 > Flashcards

Chapterer 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations (what are they)

A

when body movement occurs at JOINTS(ARTICULATIONS) here 2 bones connect.

Disclaimer - movement not pre-req to be considered joint

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2
Q

Joint Structure (what does it determine )

A

Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)
- Joint strength decreases as mobility increases

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3
Q

Functional joint classifications (what are they)

A

Synarthrosis: no movement
Amphiarthrosis: little movement
Diarthrosis: (aka synovial) -more movement

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4
Q

Synarthroses(characteristics and types)

A
  • very strong
  • edges of bones may touch or interlock
    4 Types:
  • suture
  • gomphosis
  • synchondrosis
  • synostosis
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5
Q

Sutures

A

Bones interlock
are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
are found ONLY in the skull

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6
Q

Gomphosis

A

Tooth in bone
Fibrous connection
Binds teeth to sockets

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7
Q

Synchondrosis(No-movement)

A

Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones:
- Epiphyseal cartilage of long bone
- between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum

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8
Q

Synostosis

A

Fused bones, immoveable:
- metopic suture of skull
-Epiphyseal lines of long bones (when 25)

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9
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

More moveable than synarthrosis
stronger than freely movable joints
DOESNT provide notable movement (still moves though)

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of Amphiarthroses ?

A

Syndesmosis: Tibula & fibula
- bones connected by ligaments
Symphysis: pubic symphysis & fibro integral die
- bones seperated by fibrocartilage

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11
Q

Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) what is it also called

A

also called moveable joints
end sod long bones
within Articular Capsules
lined with synovial membrane

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12
Q

Articular Cartilages

A

Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules:
- prevent bones form touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid:
- reduce friction

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13
Q

what are the functions of Synovial Fluid?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Nutrient distribution
  3. shock absorption
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14
Q

Flexion

A

Bending, decreasing angle of a join
flexion on (straighten)
extension is increasing the angle of the joint

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15
Q

Abduction

A

moving body part away from body

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16
Q

Adduction

A

moving body part towards body

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17
Q

Rotation

A

ex rotation of forearm
- supination is Anatomical position
- pronation is posterior position

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18
Q

Inversion & Eversion

A

Inversion (foot) right foot - big toe goes left(twists sole of foot medially)
Eversion right foot - pinky goes out to right(twists sole of foot laterally)

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

A

Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) moving up (lifting toe)
Plantar flexion (ankle extension) like flooring car pushing down(pointing toe)

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20
Q

Opposition

A

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm(grasping)

21
Q

Protraction and retraction

A

Protraction is chin out
Retraction is head back

22
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

Depression is mouth open
Elevation is mouth closed

23
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Bends vertebral column from side to side

24
Q

what are classification of Synovial Joints by shape?

A

Gliding
Hinge
pivot
ellipsoidal
saddle
Ball and socket

25
Q

Gliding joints examples and what it does

A

Least amount movement (nonaxial)
Example: acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints

26
Q

Hinge joints examples and what it does

A

Angular motion in a single plane(monomial)
examples - elbow joint
knee joint
ankle joint

27
Q

Pivot Joints examples and what it does

A

Rotation only (monaxial)
examples - atlas/axis (c1/c2)

28
Q

Ellipsoidal Joints examples and what it does

A

Oval auricular face within a depression
Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
examples: radoiocarpal joint

29
Q

Saddle Joints examples and what it does

A

2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)
- examples first carpometacarpal aka thumb joint

30
Q

Ball and socket joint examples and what it does

A

Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
examples - shoulder joint, hip joint

31
Q

Intervertebral Articulations

A

C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
- at interior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
- between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)

Anulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus }INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

32
Q

Disc Structure

A
  • Anulus fibrosus:
  • tough outer layer
  • attaches disc to vertebrae
    nucleus pulposus:
  • elastic, gelatinous core
  • absorbs shocks
33
Q

Damage to intervertebral discs (two types )

A

Bulging disc:
- budgie in annulus fibrosus
- invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc:
- nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus
presses on spinal cord or nerves (it hits)

34
Q

The shoulder joint (what does it do and other name for it)

A

also called glenohumeral joint
- allows more motion than any other joint
- is the least stable
- supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments

35
Q

Shoulder muscles

A

also called rotator cuff:
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
- teres minor

36
Q

3 muscle groups

A

Quadriceps(anterior thigh): rectus femoris, vastus mediolis, vastus intermediairs, vastus lateralis

Hamstrings(posterior thigh): Biceps femoris, Semitendonos, semimembranosus

37
Q

The elbow joint

A

A stable hinge joint
with articulations between humerus radius, and ulna

38
Q

Articulations of the Elbow

A

Humeroulnar Joint:
- largest articulation
- trochlea of humerus and trochlear blotch of ulna
- limited movement

Humeroradial joint:
- smaller articulation
- capitulum of humerus and head of radius

39
Q

The hip joint(what it is and structures )

A

also called coxal joint
strong ball-and-socket- diarthrosis
wide range of motion

head of femur fits into it
socket of acetabulum
which is extended by fibrocartilage acetabular labrum

40
Q

The knee joint

A

a complicated hinge joint
transfers weight from femur to tibia

2 femur-tibia articulations:
-at medial and lateral condyles
- 1 between patella and patellar surface of femur

41
Q

Menisci on the Knee

A

medial and lateral menisci:
- fibrocartilage pads
- at femur-tibia articulation
- cushion and stabilize joint
- give lateral support

42
Q

Rheumatism(what is it)

A

a pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems

43
Q

Arthritis(what is it)

A

All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints

44
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation

Generalyl in people over age of 60

45
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation

Generally in people over age of 60

46
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation

Generally in people over age of 60

47
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

An inflammatory condition
Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
involves the immune system

48
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A

Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
- form within synovial fluid
- due to metabolic disorders

BIO233 (4 decks)

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