Chapterer 9 Flashcards
Articulations (what are they)
when body movement occurs at JOINTS(ARTICULATIONS) here 2 bones connect.
Disclaimer - movement not pre-req to be considered joint
Joint Structure (what does it determine )
Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)
- Joint strength decreases as mobility increases
Functional joint classifications (what are they)
Synarthrosis: no movement
Amphiarthrosis: little movement
Diarthrosis: (aka synovial) -more movement
Synarthroses(characteristics and types)
- very strong
- edges of bones may touch or interlock
4 Types: - suture
- gomphosis
- synchondrosis
- synostosis
Sutures
Bones interlock
are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
are found ONLY in the skull
Gomphosis
Tooth in bone
Fibrous connection
Binds teeth to sockets
Synchondrosis(No-movement)
Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones:
- Epiphyseal cartilage of long bone
- between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
Synostosis
Fused bones, immoveable:
- metopic suture of skull
-Epiphyseal lines of long bones (when 25)
Amphiarthroses
More moveable than synarthrosis
stronger than freely movable joints
DOESNT provide notable movement (still moves though)
what are the 2 types of Amphiarthroses ?
Syndesmosis: Tibula & fibula
- bones connected by ligaments
Symphysis: pubic symphysis & fibro integral die
- bones seperated by fibrocartilage
Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) what is it also called
also called moveable joints
end sod long bones
within Articular Capsules
lined with synovial membrane
Articular Cartilages
Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules:
- prevent bones form touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid:
- reduce friction
what are the functions of Synovial Fluid?
- Lubrication
- Nutrient distribution
- shock absorption
Flexion
Bending, decreasing angle of a join
flexion on (straighten)
extension is increasing the angle of the joint
Abduction
moving body part away from body
Adduction
moving body part towards body
Rotation
ex rotation of forearm
- supination is Anatomical position
- pronation is posterior position
Inversion & Eversion
Inversion (foot) right foot - big toe goes left(twists sole of foot medially)
Eversion right foot - pinky goes out to right(twists sole of foot laterally)
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) moving up (lifting toe)
Plantar flexion (ankle extension) like flooring car pushing down(pointing toe)
Opposition
Thumb movement toward fingers or palm(grasping)
Protraction and retraction
Protraction is chin out
Retraction is head back
Elevation and Depression
Depression is mouth open
Elevation is mouth closed
Lateral Flexion
Bends vertebral column from side to side
what are classification of Synovial Joints by shape?
Gliding
Hinge
pivot
ellipsoidal
saddle
Ball and socket
Gliding joints examples and what it does
Least amount movement (nonaxial)
Example: acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints
Hinge joints examples and what it does
Angular motion in a single plane(monomial)
examples - elbow joint
knee joint
ankle joint
Pivot Joints examples and what it does
Rotation only (monaxial)
examples - atlas/axis (c1/c2)
Ellipsoidal Joints examples and what it does
Oval auricular face within a depression
Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
examples: radoiocarpal joint
Saddle Joints examples and what it does
2 concave faces, straddled (biaxial)
- examples first carpometacarpal aka thumb joint
Ball and socket joint examples and what it does
Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
examples - shoulder joint, hip joint
Intervertebral Articulations
C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
- at interior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
- between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
Anulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus }INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
Disc Structure
- Anulus fibrosus:
- tough outer layer
- attaches disc to vertebrae
nucleus pulposus: - elastic, gelatinous core
- absorbs shocks
Damage to intervertebral discs (two types )
Bulging disc:
- budgie in annulus fibrosus
- invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc:
- nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus
presses on spinal cord or nerves (it hits)
The shoulder joint (what does it do and other name for it)
also called glenohumeral joint
- allows more motion than any other joint
- is the least stable
- supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Shoulder muscles
also called rotator cuff:
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
- teres minor
3 muscle groups
Quadriceps(anterior thigh): rectus femoris, vastus mediolis, vastus intermediairs, vastus lateralis
Hamstrings(posterior thigh): Biceps femoris, Semitendonos, semimembranosus
The elbow joint
A stable hinge joint
with articulations between humerus radius, and ulna
Articulations of the Elbow
Humeroulnar Joint:
- largest articulation
- trochlea of humerus and trochlear blotch of ulna
- limited movement
Humeroradial joint:
- smaller articulation
- capitulum of humerus and head of radius
The hip joint(what it is and structures )
also called coxal joint
strong ball-and-socket- diarthrosis
wide range of motion
head of femur fits into it
socket of acetabulum
which is extended by fibrocartilage acetabular labrum
The knee joint
a complicated hinge joint
transfers weight from femur to tibia
2 femur-tibia articulations:
-at medial and lateral condyles
- 1 between patella and patellar surface of femur
Menisci on the Knee
medial and lateral menisci:
- fibrocartilage pads
- at femur-tibia articulation
- cushion and stabilize joint
- give lateral support
Rheumatism(what is it)
a pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
Arthritis(what is it)
All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints
Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generalyl in people over age of 60
Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age of 60
Osteoarthritis
Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, trauma, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
Generally in people over age of 60
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An inflammatory condition
Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
involves the immune system
Gouty Arthritis
Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
- form within synovial fluid
- due to metabolic disorders
