Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO233 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Skeletal System include?

A
  • Bones of skeleton
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
  • Connective Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Support
  • Storage of minerals (Calcium (very important) & Lipid (yellow marrow (store little bit of fat))
  • Blood Cell production ( Red marrow (cavities of bones inside))
  • Protection
  • Leverage (force of motion(bones are levers of our muscles))
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification of Bones:
How are bones Identified by?

A
  • Shape
  • Internal Tissues
  • Bone Markings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 different bone shapes?(w/ example for each one)

A
  • Long Bones - Humerus, Femur, Tibia
  • Flat Bones - Parietal bone
  • Irregular bone - Vertebra
  • Short bones - Carpal bones
  • Sesamoid bones - Patella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Long Bones - Femur

A
  • Diaphysis - the shaft
  • Epiphysis - Wide part at each end/ articulation with other bones
  • Metaphysis - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bone ( OSSEOUS ) Tissue

A
  • Dense, support connective tissue
  • Contains specialized cells
  • Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits
  • Around collagen fiber ( makes shatter proof )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone Matrix Minerals ( what are they made up of)

A

2/3 bone matrix is calcium phosphate (Ca3PO4)2
1/3 protein fibers (collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bone Cells(how much mass % do they make up)

A

only makes up 2%
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteocytes (what do they do)

A
  • mature bone cells that maintain bone metrix (b y providing nutrients)
  • help repair damaged bones
  • do not divide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteoblasts (what do they do)

A
  • they make bone
  • immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds (OSTEOGENESIS) new formation of bones. Makes bone tissue of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoid( what is it)

A

Matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone
- Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoclasts (what they do )

A
  • dissolves existing bones (if no underlying condition (its a good thing))
  • gains, multinucleate cells
  • dissolves bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis (dissolving of bone))
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteoclasts (how they dissolve?)

A

Secrete acids and protein0digesting enzymes.
- Body is in control how much bone to dissolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homeostasis (with bones)

A

Bone building(by osteocytes & osteoblasts) and bone recycling (osteoclasts) must balance:
= more breakdown than building, bones become weak
- Exercise causes osteocytes to build bone
- weight barring (besides swimming because no subject to gravity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

A

Compact bones are dense and Spongy bones are much more delicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteon

A

associated with compact bone
- basic unit mature
- osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae
- around a central canal (allows) containing blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spongy Bone (associated with?)

A

-Associated with Trabeculae (= spongy)
-does NOT have osteons
- Metrix forms an open network of trabeculae
- Trabeculae have NO blood vessels

18
Q

Red Marrow (what is it)

A

Space between trabeculae is filled with RED BONE MARROW:
- has blood vessels
- forms red blood cells
- supplies nutrients to osteocytes

19
Q

Yellow Marrow (what is it)

A

In SOME bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow:
- is yellow because it stores fat
its yellow because of the fat

20
Q

Difference of Periosteum and Endosteum

A
  • Compact bone is covered with membrane
    = PERIOsteum on the outside(has alot of pain nerves)
    = EDO on the inside (lines the marrow cavity)
21
Q

Endosteum

A

an incomplete cellilar layer:
- lines marrow cavity and central canals
- covers trabeculae of spongy bone
- contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts.
- active in bone growth and repair
Skin cells are instructions to make another cell

22
Q

Bone Development ( when do you fully grow bones and two )
what’s osteogenesis and ossification

A
  • Human bones grow (vertically) until about age 25
  • Osteogenesis- bone formation
  • Ossification: the process of replacing other tissues with bone
22
Q

Remodeling

A

the adult skeleton:
- maintains itself.
- replaces mineral reserves
remodeling
- recycles and renews bone matrix
- involves the 3 O’s - osteocytes, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts

23
Q

Effects of exercise on Bone

A
  • mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress
  • heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger
24
Q

Bone Degeneration

A
  • Bone degenerates quickly
  • up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity
25
Q

Effects of Hormones and Nutrition on Bone

A

Normal bone growth and maintenance requires nutritional and hormonal factors

26
Q

Minerals (what)

A

A dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts:
- Plus VERY SMALL amounts of magnesium , fluoride, iron, and manganese.

27
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Vitamin C is requited for collagen synthesis(1/3 of bone mass), and stimulates osteoblast differentiation.
  • Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity
  • Vitamins K and B12 help synthesize bone proteins.
28
Q

Other Hormones

A
  • Growth hormone and thyroxine stimulate bone growth
  • Estrogens and androgens testosterm stimulate osteoblasts
  • Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone regulate calcium and phosphate levels
29
Q

The Skeleton as Calcium Reserve

A

-Bone store calcium and other minerals
-Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body

30
Q

Functions of Calcium

A

Calcium ions are vital to:
- membranes
- neurons
- muscle cells, especially heart cells

31
Q

Calcium Regulation

A
  • Calcium ions in body fluids; must be closely regulated
  • Homeostasis is maintained:
  • by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
  • which control storage, absorption, and excretion
32
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone Control

A

bones: Where calcium is stored
Digestive tract: where calcium is absorbed
Kidneys: where calcium is excreted

33
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Produced by parathyroid glands in neck
  • INCREASES calcium ion levels by:
  • stimulating osteoclasts
  • increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
  • decreases calcium excretion at kidneys
34
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid
- Decreases calcium ion levels by:
- inhibiting osteoclast activity
- increasing calcium excretion at kidneys

35
Q

What are the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

A

bones become thinner and weaker with age
- Osteopenia begins between ages 30 and 40
- Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade, men 3%

Osteoporosis - is a disease (more than 30% loss of calcium in your bones)
Osteopenia - is a sign

36
Q

Effects of Bone Loss

A

The epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affect:
- resulting in fragile limbs
- reduction in height
- tooth loss

37
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Severe bone less
  • Affects normal function
  • Over age 45, occurs in:
  • 29% of woman
  • 18% of men
38
Q

Hormones and Bone Loss

A

Estrogens and androgens help maintain bones mass
Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause

39
Q

Cancer and Bone Loss

A
  • Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activating factor:
  • that stimulates osteoclasts
  • and produces severe osteoporosis

BIO233 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions