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BIO233 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary )
cardiac muscle (involuntary )
smooth muscle (function involuntary )

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2
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A
  • produce skeletal movement
  • maintain body position
  • support soft tissue
  • guard body openings
  • maintain body temperature
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3
Q

Organization of Connective Tissues

A

3 layers of connective tissues:
1. epimysium
2. perimysium
3. Endomysium

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4
Q

Epimysium

A

wraps skeleton muscles
- exterior collagen layer
- connected to deep fascia
- separates muscle from surrounding tissues

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5
Q

Perimysium

A

the clear thin skin of a fascicle
- surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
- contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cells
contains satellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage

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7
Q

Muscle Attachements

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together:
- at ends of muscles
- to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix
- examples. tendon(bundle) or aponeurosis(sheet)

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8
Q

Formation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells are called fibers

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9
Q

The Sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of a muscle cell
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle fiber)
A change in transmembrane potential begins contractions

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10
Q

Transverse Tubules (T tubules)

A

Transmit action potential through cell
Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

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11
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fiber
  • Made up of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)
  • Myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction
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12
Q

Types of Myofilaments

A

Thin filaments:
- made of protein actin
Thick filaments:
- made of protein myosin

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13
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

A membranous structure surrounding each myofibril
Helps transmit action potential to myofibril
Similar in structure to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Sarcomeres (structural components)

A

The contractile units of muscles
Structural units of myofbrils
form visible patterns within myofibrils

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15
Q

Muscle Striations

A

A striped or striated pattern within myofibrils:
- alternating dark , thick filaments (a band) and light, thin filaments (I bands)

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16
Q

Sarcomere structure (levels)

A
  1. skeletal muscle - surrounded by epimysium
    contains: muscle fascicle
  2. muscle fascicle: perimysium
    contains: muscle fibers
  3. muscle fiber surrounded by endomysium
    contains: myofibrils
  4. myofibril surrounded by sarcoplasmic
  5. Sacromere contains thick and thin filaments
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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

A

Sliding filament theory:
- thin filament of sarcomere slide toward M line
- between thick filaments
- z lines move closer together

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18
Q

The neuromuscular junction

A
  • is located of neural stimulation
  • Action potential (electrical signal)
    – travels along neuron
    – ends at synaptic terminal
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19
Q

types of skeletal muscle tension (2)

A
  1. Isotonic contraction
  2. Isometric contraction
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20
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Skeletal muscle changes length:
- resulting in motin
If muscle tension resistance:
- muscle shortens (concentric contraction)
if muscle tension < resistance:
- muscle lengthens (eccentric contraction)

21
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Skeletal muscle develops tension, but is prevented by changing length
Note: iso = same, metric = measure

22
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A

after contraction, a muscle fiber returns to resting length by:
- elastic forces
- opposing muscle contractions
- gravity

23
Q

Elastic Forces

A
  • the pull of elastic elements (tendons and ligaments)
  • expands the sarcomeres to resting length
24
Q

Opposing muscle contractions

A

reverse the direction of the original motion
are the work of opposing skeletal muscle pairs

25
Q

Gravity

A

Can take the place of opposing muscle contraction to return a muscle to its resting state

26
Q

Atp and muscle contraction

A

Sustained muscle contraction uses a lot of ATP energy
muscles store enemy’s energy to start contraction
muscle fibers must manufacture more ATP as needed

27
Q

ATP and CP reserves

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):
  • the active energy molecule
    -Creatine phosphate(CP)
  • the storage molecule for excess ATP energy in resting muscle
28
Q

ATP Generation

A

Cells produce ATP in to ways:
- Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids in the mitochondria = as long as it has enough oxygen
- anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm
= When does it produce when you’re out of breath.

29
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

Is primary energy source of resting muscles
break down fatty acids
Produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

30
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A
  • Is the primary energy source for peak muscular activity
  • produces 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose
  • breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles
31
Q

Energy Use and Muscle Activity

A

At peak exertion:
- muscles lack oxygen to support mitochondria
- muscles rely on glycolysis for ATP
- pyruvic acid builds up, is converted to lactic acid

32
Q

Results of Muscle Fatigue

A
  1. Depletion of metabolic reserves
  2. Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Low pH (lactic acid)
  4. Muscle exhaustion and pain
33
Q

Muscle Performance

A

Power:
- the maximum amount of tension produced
Endurance:
- the amount of activity can be sustained
Power and endurance depend on:
- the types of muscle fibers
- physical conditioning

34
Q

what are the 3 skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  1. Fast fibers
  2. Slow fibers
  3. Intermediate fibers
35
Q

Fast Fibers

A
  • contract very quickly
  • Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria
  • Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly
    explosive muscle but fatigue quickly
36
Q

Slow Fibers

A

Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue
have small diameter, more mitochondria
have high oxygen supply
Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)

37
Q

Intermediate Fibers

A

are mid-sized
have low myoglobin
have more capillaries than fast fiber, slower to fatigue

38
Q

Muscles and Fiber Types

A
  • White muscle: mostly fast fibers and pale (ex. chicken breast)
  • Red muscle: mostly slow fibers - dark (ex. chicken legs)
    Most human muscles:
  • mixed fibers
  • pink
39
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy

A

Muscle growth from heavy training:
- increase diameter of muscle fibers
- increases number if myofibrils
- increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves

40
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

lack of muscle activity:
- reduces muscle size, tone, and power

41
Q

Anaerobic Endurance

A

anaerobic activities (ex. 50 meter dah, weightlifting);
- use fast fibers
- fatigue quickly with strenuous acitivty
Improved by: frequent, brief, intensive workouts
- hypertrophy

42
Q

Aerobic Endurance

A

Aerobic activities(prolonged activity):
- support by mitochondria
- require oxygen and nutrients
Improved by:
- repetitive training (neural responses)
- cardiovascular training

43
Q

Muscle Terminology Based on Function

A

Agonist= prime mover
- produces a particular movement
Antagonist
- opposes movement of a particular agonist(opposite of agonist)

44
Q

agnost to antagonist

A

biceps brachii vs Tricepts brachii
Pectoralis major vs. Latissimus Dorsi
Hamstrings vs quadriceps
Trapezius vs Sternocleidomastroid

45
Q

Muscle Terminology Based on Function

A

Synergist:
- a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist = prime mover
- helps start motion or stabilize noggin of agnostic (fixator)

46
Q

Muscle Opposition

A

Agonists and antagonists workin pairs:
- when 1 contracts, the other stretches
- flexors-extensors, abductors-adductors

47
Q

6 muscles groups of the head and neck

A
  1. muscles of facial expression: skull
  2. extrinsic eye muscles: surface of orbit - control of eye
    3.Muscles of mastication: move the mandible
  3. muscles of the tongue: names end in glossus
  4. Muscles of the pharynx: begin swallowing process
  5. Anterior muscles of the neck: - Control position of larynx - depress the man
    - support tongue and pharynx
48
Q

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

A

also called extra ocular muscles
superior oblique
superior rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

49
Q

3 Muscles of Mastication = chewing

A

Masseter = most of work
- The strongest jaw muscle
Temporalis:
- helps lift the mandible
Pterygoid muscles:
- Position mandible for chewing

BIO233 (4 decks)

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