Chapter7&8-Cognition

Question 1

____was the dominant form of

psychology for most of the last century

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Behaviorists did not believe what? Did believe what? List 2 behaviorists?

Answer 2

NO “mind exist”, all human behaviors due to conditioning. Watson and Skinner

Question 3

What’s the main object been against by the conception of cognitive psychology? Who said it?

Answer 3

Disagreed with behaviorism because certain aspects of human LANGUAGE are special and cannot be learned.
Noam Chomsky

Question 4

What conception did Noam Chomsky say about cognitive psychology?

Answer 4

Poverty(缺乏) of the Stimulus-info a child gained is much not enough to learn a complex and complete language.

Question 5

Cognitive psychology? What is mind similar to?

Answer 5

we are born with a mind that has certain capabilities.similar to the hardware that is pre-built into a computer.

Question 6

These capabilities include?

Answer 6

memory, attention, perception(感知), language, intelligence, problem-solving.[MAP LIP]

Question 7

LTP?

Answer 7

Long-term Potential, patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons. The main indicator to memory and study.

Question 8

Types of memory

Answer 8

(duration from short to long)Sensory Memory, Working Memory, Long-Term Memory

Question 9

What can and cannot to Henry
Molaison after been taken out his hippocampus(海马体). Assemble with the distinction between working memory and long-term memory?

Answer 9

HE CAN:
1. IQ and reasoning skills were the same
2. Working memory was functioning O.K
3. He knew words and the meaning of words
4. He could remember things in the past, like
where he grew up
HE CAN’T:
1. He couldn’t form new memories
2. He would forget a conversation that happened a couple minutes previously

H.M. HAD good long-term and working memory
However he couldn’t transfer working memory to long-term memory.

Question 10

What did we learn from Henry Molaison?

Answer 10

The hippocampus is responsible for taking working memory and bringing it into long-term memory

Question 11

Two forms of long-term memory?

Answer 11

Episodic Memory(Memory of your first date): experience

Semantic Memory(knowledge of birds): Knowledge of facts.

Question 12

Memory ways?

Answer 12

Schemas: range and organize
Chunking: shorter and briefer
Mnemonics: using cues could remind of

Question 13

Have you ever been wrong about something and thought, why the heck did I believe that!

Answer 13

It might be due to Source Misattribution Error

Question 14

Flashbulb Memory?

Answer 14

Memory assembled with shock event.

Question 15

Heuristics?

Answer 15

启发法，用见到的做决定。(such as look, price, off%)

Question 16

Anchoring?

Answer 16

固点法，有一个固定价值或起始价。We prefer the things better than we thought. We prefer things had a higher initial price.

Question 17

Framing?

Answer 17

Costs with benefits.

Question 18

Availability Heuristic?

Answer 18

Make decision base on how easy it is to retrieve info

Question 19

the Paradox of Choice?

Answer 19

There is a certain amount of choices the most likely to help people making a decision. Otherwise, it will produce a negative affection on making decision neither less nor too many.

Question 20

Semantics vs Syntax?

Answer 20

语义 vs 语构

does it make sense?

Question 21

Skinner vs Chomsky

Answer 21

Language is learned by reinforcement
vs
Language cannot be learned by reinforcement

Question 22

Who made the first IQ test?

Answer 22

Alfred Banet and his college Theodore Simon