Chapter 9-Human development

Question 1

Prenatal(胎儿期) Development

Answer 1

After 8 weeks of the development, the embryo has become a fetus. All major organs are formed but continue to develop.

Question 2

Teratogens

Answer 2

(致畸胎源)
• Drugs
• Medications
• Infections
• Alcohol(FAS)

Question 3

Brain Development

Answer 3

During Prenatal development - Cell Migration.
Our brain continues to increase in size during development.
It actually contains more neurons than an adult after 2-3 years.
After 8-9 years this number begins to decline…

Question 4

Synaptic Pruning?

Answer 4

Over time the neurons that are not receiving very many “calls” are destroyed. You either USE IT or LOSE IT.

Question 5

Motor Development

Answer 5

(知觉行为发展)Babies are born with various reflexes(反应力) that are useful for survival. Babinski reflex(足底反射). Rooting reflex(吮吸反射). Moro reflex(伸懒腰反射).

Question 6

Sensory perception development?

Answer 6

When infants first come into the world they are equipped to process an incredible range of stimuli.

Question 7

Visual Perception Development?

Answer 7

Infants start with very poor visual perception visual perception
But by 12 months they are able to see as well an able Infants do not start with the ability to see depth, this ability starts at about 2 months.

Question 8

Who did the mobile study?

Answer 8

Rovee -Collier

Question 9

Infantile Amnesia?

Answer 9

it is virtually impossible to remember anything before age 3.

Question 10

Reminiscence Bump?

Answer 10

As we move further along in our development, memories that are further in the past are harder to remember
However, older adults are better able to However, older adults are better able to recall memories from their 20’s than recall memories from their 40’s

Question 11

Why Reminiscence Bump?

Answer 11

This may be because your 20’s are when you are establishing your identity.

Question 12

Within ___days it is able for infants to develop social status.

Answer 12

Within 10 weeks infants are responding to their caregivers’ facial expressions.

Question 13

By the time an infant is 4 -6 weeks old they show their first social smile. Why is this important?

Answer 13

Infants are defenseless on their own, they Infants are defenseless on their own, they need to form a bond(建立互信关系) to survive!

Question 14

Harlow’s study of attachment, why? How? What happened?

Answer 14

Why: Psychologists believed that infants only needed mothers because they were a food source.
How: A monkey with two “Mother”s.
What happened: the monkey preferred the cloth mother in almost every situation.
The monkey only went to the wire mother when wanted food and then immediately returned to the cloth mother.

Question 15

3 forms of attachment?

Answer 15

• Secure
• Insecure -avoidant
• Insecure -ambivalent

Question 16

Why develop INSECURE attachment?

Answer 16

Infants develop insecure attachment when parents either never respond to the infant’s distress or do so inconsistently.
 Insecure forms of attachment can lead to later problems in life, such as depression(抑郁).

Question 17

What did Jean Piaget(Swiss) say?

Answer 17

Children progress in stages, with each stage children have a new way of understanding the world.

Question 18

Piaget’s Stages of Development?

Answer 18

1 ) Sensorimotor(Birth – 2 years):
Children are learning by interacting with the environment(reacting to stimuli and seeing what happens)
Object Permanence–At the beginning, infants do not understand that an object continues to exist by the end of sensorimotor stage

2) Preoperational(2 – 7 years):
Children begin to think symbolically
However, children at this stage are not able to use reason or logic to solve problems and tend to view the world only through their own experiences
Conservation task—Children are not able to base their answers on logic/reasoning, only what feels right to them.
Egocentrism —- Children in the preoperational stage tend to see things primarily from their own perspective
“If I can’t see other people, then they can’t see me”

3) Concrete operational(7 – 12 years):
Children are now able to think logically, but they still can’t reason hypothetically about abstract relationships

4) Formal operational
Can reason and think in abstract ways - use critical thinking

Question 19

Developing Social Cognition?

Answer 19

Being able to take other people’s perspective is crucial our development.(Theory of Mind)

Question 20

Theory of mind?

Answer 20

•Young children believe that everyone’s mind is similar to theirs
If you know that something is true, everyone else must know the same thing
• later in development that children understand other people have different thoughts and beliefs than they do