Chapter 6-learning Flashcards
Habituation is?
A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure
习惯，适应性：行为上的反应随着情镜的反复出现而减少
who studied how neurons in aplysia change when they learn/adapt to new stimuli？and why aplysia？
Eric Kandel
because they have a very simple nervous system
touching an aplysia causes it to retract its gills. What about repeat touching?
The aplysia habituates and no longer retracts its gills
After delivering a shock to the aplysia then touch it, what will happen?why?
It retracts its gill again. Because of the sensitization
Sensitization
An increase in response after exposure to a stimulus
反应行为因为一个刺激而增加
what is Nonassocoative？what are the 2 sub-type here？
Its a type of learning, learning about a stimulus in the external world.
Habituation and Sensitization
What did Ivan Pavlov do?
Designed a way to measure dog saliva(唾液)
The primary procedure of Pavlov’s Experiment?And the main idea Pavlov got?
A dog saliva with food. A dog doesn’t saliva with B. Put food together with B. After trials, A dog does saliva with B. Classical conditioning.
unconditioned response vs conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus vs conditioned stimulus
unlearned natural vs conditioned trained learned
stuff causes unconditioned response (always the same) stuff causes the conditioned response.
Classical conditioning
A stuff causes a response from none by the association with another stuff that causes this response initially.
一个物体原本无法激发某反应，通过与另一个能激发此反应的物体绑定出现从而可以激发该反应。
What’s John Watson’s idea? What did this base on? What party of subject is his idea in?
Idea: All human behavior is due to conditioning. Introspection is flawed. The mind is built on reacting to the environment based on conditioning.
Base: Pavlov’s Experiment and his idea of Classical conditioning
Subject: Behaviorism
Watson demonstrated what about fear?
PHOBIAs, generalized fear, which can come from classical conditioning.
How to treat phobias? What is that?
Phobias today can be treated with counterconditioning, which involves pairing a feared object with a pleasant one.
Drug addiction(cravings)? Due to what?
药瘾，毒瘾（渴求）。
Due to conditioning.
Tolerance? Drug tolerance? Alcohol tolerance? Due to what?
耐性。抗药性，耐酒力。
Due to conditioning.
Classical Conditioning belongs to which type of learning?
Associative
What did B.F skinner do, what’s he thought, belongs to what party of the subject?
Operant conditioning
Expanded upon the ideas of classical conditioning by exploring how animals operate on their environment while being conditioned.
Behaviorism
Skinner box-food is an example of what?
Positive reinforcement which means something is given or added in order to increase a desired behavior
Skinner box-shock is an example of what?
Negative reinforcement which means it will be exposed to a negative sense unless doing the desired behavior.
The main purpose of reinforcement? How to reach the opposite way?
Increase desired behavior. To decrease a behavior we could use punishment.
positive punishment vs negative punishment?
Using sth or adding sth to stop vs Taking away sth to stop
Why is spanking not so useful?
- Continue the behavior but more secretly rather than stop
- Break down the relationship in a long-term development.
- Cause certain mental problem. Such as violent(abuse) tendency in the future.
Classical conditioning vs Operant conditioning
Behavioral response to a stimulus due to the bundle to another.
Behaviors changing due to the outcome enforce.
How to learn hard things? What are the specific ways?
Observation.
Modeling: learning from a certain object’s behavior.
Vicarious learning: learning a behavior by watching someone got award or punishment.
Computer vs Brian
learn things from program VS experience
can do specific precise work great VS can do a variety of things quickly to adapt
