Chapter 6-learning

Question 1

Habituation is?

Answer 1

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure

习惯，适应性：行为上的反应随着情镜的反复出现而减少

Question 2

who studied how neurons in aplysia change when they learn/adapt to new stimuli？and why aplysia？

Answer 2

Eric Kandel

because they have a very simple nervous system

Question 3

touching an aplysia causes it to retract its gills. What about repeat touching?

Answer 3

The aplysia habituates and no longer retracts its gills

Question 4

After delivering a shock to the aplysia then touch it, what will happen?why?

Answer 4

It retracts its gill again. Because of the sensitization

Question 5

Sensitization

Answer 5

An increase in response after exposure to a stimulus

反应行为因为一个刺激而增加

Question 6

what is Nonassocoative？what are the 2 sub-type here？

Answer 6

Its a type of learning, learning about a stimulus in the external world.
Habituation and Sensitization

Question 7

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

Answer 7

Designed a way to measure dog saliva(唾液)

Question 8

The primary procedure of Pavlov’s Experiment?And the main idea Pavlov got?

Answer 8

A dog saliva with food. A dog doesn’t saliva with B. Put food together with B. After trials, A dog does saliva with B. Classical conditioning.

Question 9

unconditioned response vs conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus vs conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

unlearned natural vs conditioned trained learned

stuff causes unconditioned response (always the same) stuff causes the conditioned response.

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

A stuff causes a response from none by the association with another stuff that causes this response initially.

一个物体原本无法激发某反应，通过与另一个能激发此反应的物体绑定出现从而可以激发该反应。

Question 11

What’s John Watson’s idea? What did this base on? What party of subject is his idea in?

Answer 11

Idea: All human behavior is due to conditioning. Introspection is flawed. The mind is built on reacting to the environment based on conditioning.
Base: Pavlov’s Experiment and his idea of Classical conditioning
Subject: Behaviorism

Question 12

Watson demonstrated what about fear?

Answer 12

PHOBIAs, generalized fear, which can come from classical conditioning.

Question 13

How to treat phobias? What is that?

Answer 13

Phobias today can be treated with counterconditioning, which involves pairing a feared object with a pleasant one.

Question 14

Drug addiction(cravings)? Due to what?

Answer 14

药瘾，毒瘾（渴求）。

Due to conditioning.

Question 15

Tolerance? Drug tolerance? Alcohol tolerance? Due to what?

Answer 15

耐性。抗药性，耐酒力。

Due to conditioning.

Question 16

Classical Conditioning belongs to which type of learning?

Answer 16

Associative

Question 17

What did B.F skinner do, what’s he thought, belongs to what party of the subject?

Answer 17

Operant conditioning
Expanded upon the ideas of classical conditioning by exploring how animals operate on their environment while being conditioned.
Behaviorism

Question 18

Skinner box-food is an example of what?

Answer 18

Positive reinforcement which means something is given or added in order to increase a desired behavior

Question 19

Skinner box-shock is an example of what?

Answer 19

Negative reinforcement which means it will be exposed to a negative sense unless doing the desired behavior.

Question 20

The main purpose of reinforcement? How to reach the opposite way?

Answer 20

Increase desired behavior. To decrease a behavior we could use punishment.

Question 21

positive punishment vs negative punishment?

Answer 21

Using sth or adding sth to stop vs Taking away sth to stop

Question 22

Why is spanking not so useful?

Answer 22

1. Continue the behavior but more secretly rather than stop
2. Break down the relationship in a long-term development.
3. Cause certain mental problem. Such as violent(abuse) tendency in the future.

Question 23

Classical conditioning vs Operant conditioning

Answer 23

Behavioral response to a stimulus due to the bundle to another.
Behaviors changing due to the outcome enforce.

Question 24

How to learn hard things? What are the specific ways?

Answer 24

Observation.
Modeling: learning from a certain object’s behavior.
Vicarious learning: learning a behavior by watching someone got award or punishment.

Question 25

Computer vs Brian

Answer 25

learn things from program VS experience

can do specific precise work great VS can do a variety of things quickly to adapt