Chapter4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

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2
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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3
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of the energy flow during chemical and physical reactions.

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4
Q

Entropy

A

Disorder in thermodynamics

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5
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Chemical or physical reaction that occurs without outside help

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6
Q

Enthalpy

A

Potential energy in a system

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7
Q

Endothermic

A

Reactions which absorb energy

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8
Q

Exothermic

A

Processes which release energy

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9
Q

Reactants

A

The atoms or molecules entering the reaction

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10
Q

Free energy (ΔG)

A

The energy in a system which is available to do work

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11
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The concentration difference that dives diffusion

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12
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of balance between opposing factors that push a reaction in either direction

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13
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Reaction that has a negative ‘Free Energy’ because it releases free energy

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14
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Reaction that can be produced only if free energy is supplied

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15
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

Types of metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds

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16
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Type of metabolic pathway in which energy is consumed to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; often called a biosynthetic pathway

17
Q

Energy coupling

A

The process by which ATP is brought in close contact with a reactant molecule involved in an endergonic reaction, and when the ATP is hydrolyzed, the terminal phosphate group is transferred to the reactant molecule.

18
Q

Coupled reaction

A

A reaction which occurs when an exergonic reaction is joined to an endergonic reaction, producing an overall reaction which is exergonic.

19
Q

ATP cycle

A

Continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP

20
Q

Activation energy

A

The initial input of energy required to start a reaction

21
Q

Transition state

A

An intermediate arrangement of atoms and bonds that both the reactants and the products of a reaction can assume

22
Q

Catalyst

A

Substances with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction

23
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction

24
Q

Conformation

A

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

25
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme.

26
Q

Cofactor

A

An inorganic or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place

27
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds

28
Q

Saturation

A

the state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

29
Q

Competitive enzyme inhibitors

A

An enzyme which resembles the normal substrate closely enough that it fits into the active site of the enzyme.

30
Q

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

A

An inhibitor molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and, therefore, does not compete directly with the substrate for binding to the active site.

31
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

Specialized control mechanism for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory outside the active site that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme.

32
Q

Allosteric site

A

A regulatory site outside the active site

33
Q

Allosteric activator

A

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the inactive form to the active form.

34
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from to the inactive form to the inactive form.

35
Q

Futile cycle

A

also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat.

36
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

In enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction. Also referred to as end-product inhibition

37
Q

Enzyme activity

A

is affected by physical conditions, and the activity of some enzymes is subject to regulation. Measure enzyme activity at different pH values and see where it is most active.

38
Q

pH optimum

A

an enzyme will have an optimum pH for activity

39
Q

Temperature optimum

A

an enzyme will have an optimum pH for activity