Chapter9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic recombinations

A

The process by which the combinations of alleles for different genes in two parental individuals become shuffled into new combinations in offspring individuals

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2
Q

Homologuos sequences

A

Similar. Characteristics that are similar in two species because they inherited the genetic basis of the trait from a common ancestor

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3
Q

Gametes

A

A haploid cell, an egg or sperm. Haploid cells fuse during sexual reproduction to form a diploid zygote.

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny. Consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division

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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The mode of reproduction in which male and female parents produce offspring through the union of egg and sperm generated by meiosis

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6
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of the nuclei of an egg and sperm cell, which initiates development of a new individual.

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7
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg

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8
Q

Haploid

A

An organism or cell with only one copy of each type of chromosome in its nuclei

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9
Q

Diploid

A

An organism or cell with two copies of each type or chromosome in its nuclei

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10
Q

Sporophyte

A

An individual of the diploid generation produced through fertilization in organisms that undergo alternation of generations; it produces haploid spores

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11
Q

Gametophyte

A

An individual of the haploid generation produced when a spore germinates and grows directly by mitotic divisions in organisms that undergo alternation of generations.

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12
Q

Spore

A

A haploid reproductive structure, usually a single cell, that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell; found in plants, fungi, and certain protists.

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13
Q

Maternal vs. paternal chromosomes

A

Maternal chromosomes are derived from the female parent of an organism and paternal chromosomes are derived from the male parent of an organism.

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14
Q

Homologous

A

Similar

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15
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of homologous pairs to separate during the first meiotic division or of chromatids to separate during the second meiotic division.

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16
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that are different in male and female individuals of the same species.

17
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

a ladderlike series of parallel threads visible in electron microscopy adjacent to and coaxial with pairing chromosomes in meiosis.

18
Q

Crossing over

A

The recombination process in meiosis, in which chromatids exchange segments

19
Q

Chiasmata

A

Site of recombination during meiosis. Also referred to as crossover.