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Cell Bio > Chapter15 > Flashcards

Chapter15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell undergoes translation to produce what?

A

A polypeptide

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2
Q

How do the protein polypeptides know where to go

A

they. have a signal (their amino acid sequence) that directs them to a specified location

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3
Q

Proteins that are destined to go to the nucleus enter through what?

A

Through nuclear pores/gates

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4
Q

Proteins that are destined to go to the chloroplast/mitochondria/peroxisome, or ER reach there how?

A

they are transported by translocators

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5
Q

What is a translocator?

A

an ER membrane protein with a pore

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6
Q

Proteins that move from the ER to other locations are transported how?

A

They are transported as cargo by vesicles

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7
Q

To be directed to the ER, proteins must have what?

A

they must have ER singal

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8
Q

Ribosomes do what to synthesize proteins that obtain the ER proteins

A

they attach themselves to the ER

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9
Q

How do proteins with the ER signal enter the ER

A

they are synthesized through the Translocation channels

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10
Q

What happens to all the other proteins that are not meant to go to the ER

A

they are synthesized by any free ribosomes

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11
Q

what is an SRP

A

a signal recognition particle

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12
Q

How is a ribosome directed to the ER

A

with a signal sequence and an SRP

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13
Q

SRP slows what down

A

the synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

SRP binds what

A

SRP binds the SRP receptor

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15
Q

Soluble Protein are released into

A

the ER Lumen

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16
Q

What happens to soluble proteins when they are released into the ER lumen?

A

they are modified and transported as secreted proteins

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17
Q

What is the difference between soluble proteins and membrane proteins? (in the context of the ER)

A

Soluble proteins are released into the ER and transported as secreted proteins
whereas
Membrane proteins remain in the ER and are modified to remain membrane bound

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18
Q

The process of Glycosylation of ER proteins involves the addition of what molecule (to what, and where)?

A

Oligosaccharides Molecule to specific amino acid residues-on polypeptide chains

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19
Q

The addition of oligossaccharides to amino acids on polypeptide chains, occur during what?

A

Protein Synthesis

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20
Q

In glycosylation, oligosaccharides are synthsized on which molecule?

A

Dichol

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21
Q

Dichol is what kind of molecule

A

A lipid molecule

22
Q

During glycosylation, oligosaccharides are transferred from dichol molecules after synthesis to where?

A

to specific asparagine residues (on the polypeptide chain)

23
Q

The attachment of oligosaccharides to specific asparagine residues is known as what type of glycosylation

A

N-Linked Glycosylation

24
Q

What is the purpose of Glycosylation of ER proteins?

A

functions include;
-formation of glycoproteins
-immune responses
-cell adhesion

25
Q

What is the function of oligosaccharides?

A

-protects protein from degradation or guides it to other organelles or promotes cell recognition

26
Q

Proteins leave the ER and enter the golgi apparatus for what purpose?

A

further processing, sorting and modification of protein

27
Q

How do proteins leave the ER?

A

in transport vesicles

28
Q

Proteins enter the Golgi Apparatus where

A

at the Cis Face

29
Q

Proteins are sorted in the Golgi Apparatus based on waht?

A

based on the particular signals that are within the amino acid sequences of the protein
- or the modification acquired during ER passage

  • these declare where they will be directed to (lysosomes. surface, or back to ER)
30
Q

Proteins that have undergone the effects of the Golgi Apparatus exit where?

A

Through the Trans Face

31
Q

Following the sorting of proteins in the Golgi Apparatus, what happens

A

Further oligosaccharide modification of proteins

32
Q

Proteins then leave the golgi apparatus and go where?

A

To the cell surface

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

process where cells ingest fluid, molecules, particles, other cells

34
Q

describe the mechanism of endocytosis

A

regions of the plasma membrane “pinch” inward creating an endocytic vesicle containing the engulfed material

35
Q

Pinocytosis

A

when a cell takes in small dissolved particles & liquid
“cell drinkage”
-this is followed by the cell membrane invaginating and formation of a small vesicle

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

engulfment of larger particles, dead cells, or solid material
- cell membrane extends via pseudopods; surrounding and engulfing particle
-this forms a phagosome

37
Q

What is a Pseudopod

A

A temporary extension of a cell, used for cell movement or engulfing food

38
Q

Phagosomes

A

vesicles formed during phagocytosis that contains the engulfed particle

39
Q

Phagolysosomes

A

following the formation of a phagosome, the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
-contents of phagosome are exposed to the digestive enzymes in a lysosome
-engulfed material is broken down into smaller components

40
Q

What are the specialized phagocytic cells with surface receptors?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils

41
Q

Following phagocytosis, the phagosome moves where?

A

to the cells cytoplasm

42
Q

What type of endocytosis provides a specific route into animal cells?

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

43
Q

What triggers Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis?

A

the binding of LDL to its receptors

44
Q

what is the primary site of intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes

45
Q

What are endosomes?

A

membrane bound vesicles involved in endocytosis, sorting, recyling/degradation

46
Q

What is transcytosis

A

The transport of substances in, across and then out of cells

47
Q

Misfolded proteins are properly folded by what?

A

Chaperone Proteins

48
Q

If chaperone proteins fail to fold ER proteins properly, what happens to the proteins?

A

They are degraded

49
Q

Following protein modification, proteins leave the Golgi Apparatus and go where?

A

to the cell’s surface

50
Q
A

Cell Bio (6 decks)

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