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Cell Bio > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of the “dynamic scaffold” of the cytoskeleton

A

provides structual support and cell shape

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the “network of tracks” in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules and microfilaments act as an intracellular pathway, where cells move from one place to another

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3
Q

What is the “Force Generating Apparatus” and what is its role in the cytoskeleton

A

it is the molecular machinery that moves cells from one place to another along the network of tracks

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of Protein Filaments

A
  1. Intermediate Filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Actin Filaments / microfilaments
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5
Q

Which of the 3 protein filaments is the most stable?

A

Intermediate Filaments

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6
Q

What is a Desmosome?

A

mechanical links that connect the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

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7
Q

What purpose do Desmosomes serve

A

provides mechanical strength in tissue

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8
Q

what is the Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

A

a rare genetic mutation causing the skin to be vulnerable to mechanical injury

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9
Q

a rare genetic mutation causing the skin to be vulnerable to mechanical injury

A

1.Cytoplasmic IF
2. Nuclear IF

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of Cytoplasmic Intermediate Filaments?

A
  1. Keratins
  2. Vimentin
  3. Neurofilaments
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11
Q

Each of the intermediate filaments have a region called what?

A

a-helix region

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12
Q

What feature causes a functional differentiation between intermediate filaments?

A

The globular head (NH2)
and tail region (COOH)
of the intermediate filament that each vary in size

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13
Q

what is a Lamin?

A

a structure that lies below the nuclear membrane, and is part of the cytoskeleton - it provides structural support

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14
Q

The meshwork of intermediate filaments provide support for what?

A

the nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Which of the 3 kinds of Cytoskeletal Protein Filaments is the thickest

A

Microtubule

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16
Q

What are the functions of the Microtubules?

A

1.guides organelles and chromosome movement
2. guides overall cell motility
3. is a delivery route in polar cells, acting as the “tracks”

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17
Q

Miccrotubules transports cargo along what?

A

along the nerve axon

18
Q

What organizes the cells interior?

A

Microtubules

19
Q

True of False: all microtubule “tracks” are oriented in slightly diffferent directions

A

False: they are all oriented in the same direction

20
Q

If microtubules are the “track”, what would act as the “mechanical engine”

A

Motor Proteins

21
Q

How long does it take for deliveries from the spine to the shoulder?

A

~2 Days

22
Q

Define Tubulin

A

tubulin are dimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits

23
Q

Define Protofilament

A

Protofilaments are what Tubulin Dimers assemle into

24
Q

What is the role of the centrosome?

A

Acts as the microtubule organizing centre

25
Q

Each centrosome contains a y-tubulin. What role does this y-tubulin play?

A

y-Tubulin acts as the nucleation site for polar microtubule growth

26
Q

What is defined as “dynamic intability”?

A

periods of growth and shrinkage, at the microtubule positive end.

27
Q

Dynamic Instability is caused by what?

A

The hydrolysis of GTP by tubulin

28
Q

Which end of the microtubules is more dynamic?

A

The plus end

29
Q

Polymerization of the plus end causes what?

A

growth of the plus end

30
Q

Shrinkage is a result of what reaction

A

depolymerization

31
Q

How does the plus end grow/what is added to it

A

The addition of GTP-Tubulin molecules to the plus end of a microtubule (when it is polymerized), provides energy; causing it to grow

32
Q

Explain GTP-Hydrolysis

A

after being incorporated into the microtubule, GTP-Tubulin is hydrolyzed and is converted into GDP

33
Q

What happens following the hydrolyis of GTP into GDP

A

Tubulin binds to GDP and is prone to depolymerization
this resuts in likely shrinkage

34
Q

Shrinkage only occurs if..

A

if GTP-hydrolysis rate exceeds GTP-tubulin addition rate
this results in the forming of GDP-Tubulin cap

35
Q

What effect does the GDP-Tubulin cap have on the microtubule?

A

It causes destabilization and leads to rapid shrinkage (“catastrophe”)

36
Q

What is a protofilament?

A

alpha and beta dimers, stacked to form a linear chain
(these make up the walls of the microtubule)

37
Q

What makes up the microtubule structure

A

13 protofilament chains, associated to form a cylindrical shape

38
Q

True or False: GDP-bound dimers pack better than GTP-bound dimers

A

False: GTP-Bound dimers pack better

39
Q

True or False :Microtubules in mature neurons have been capped and thus are stable

A

True

40
Q

Microtubule composition

A

a helical array of heterodimers of a- and b-tubulin

Cell Bio (6 decks)

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