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Geography > Chapter11 Urban Environment > Flashcards

Chapter11 Urban Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Brownfield site

A

Abandoned derelict or underused industrial building and land

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2
Q

Counter urbanization

A

Process involving the movement of population from inner urban area to a new town beyond the city limit

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3
Q

Re urbanization

A

Development to increase residential population density within the built-up area of a city

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4
Q

Suburb

A

A residential area within or just outside the boundaries of a city

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5
Q

Surburbanization

A

The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas

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6
Q

Sustainable urban management strategy 🏡

A

An approach to urban management that seeks to maintain and improve the quality of life for current and future urban dwellers

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7
Q

Urbanization definition

Causes

Deference with urban growth

Over urbanization

A

The process by which an increase percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities

Caused by positive migratory balance and natural increase

Urban growth is the increase in absolute number of people living in urban areas

Over urbanization occurs when volume of immigrants exceeds the provision of jobs

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8
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the surrounding

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9
Q

Centripetal movement

A

Inward movement

Accounted with low income country

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10
Q

Push and pull factors

A

Rural push factors:
High population growth little natural resources land become unproductive
Unemployment
Hard to support large families

Urban pull factors:
High wages
Employment
Education

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11
Q

Consequence of urbanization

A

Economic growth
Industrial productivity
high percentage of GDP
Gentrification ( displacement of poor people)
Re urbanization/ urban renewal (revitalization of urban areas and a movement of people back into these areas, often involves the reclamation of derelict land know as brownfield sites)

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12
Q

Gentrification definition

A

Areas that was previously poor become popular among people with disposable income

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13
Q

Centrifugal movement

A

Outward movement, or decentralization. Often associated with low income country

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14
Q

Examples of centrifugal movements

A

Surburbanization:
Caused by population growth demand for better life and rising income

Urban sprawl

Counter urbanization:
It is a process of population decentralization

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15
Q

Consequence of centrifugal movement

A

Shift of population and economic activity from center of the urban area to its periphery.
Building roads increase pollution
Undermine economy in city center

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16
Q

Decentralization definition

A

The movement of shops, offices from urban centers edge to rural areas

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17
Q

Types of inward / outward movement

A

Inward: rural to urban/ gentrification / reurbanization / urban renewal

Outward: suburbanization/ urban sprawl

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18
Q

Consequence of centrifugal movement

A

Shift of population and economic activity.

Loss of labour and economic activity

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19
Q

Mega city definition

Positives and negatives

A

Mega cities are large metropolitan area or urban agglomeration of ten million residents
Mega cities are dynamic of economic activities and acts like hubs in global network of economic activities, it being together people and resource, social interaction and innovation
Mega cities have high population density, uncontrolled expansion, infrastructure deficits, poor housing, disparity and environment issues

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20
Q

Case study of mega city

A

Shanghai
In1990, Shanghai started redevelopment, established a strong industrial base, center of exporting manufacturing and automobile and expand service industry.
After that, reform of land management attracts foreign investments and set up large enterprises. The manufacturing industry began to contract. More migration leads to disparity and gap between rich and poor.
Social issues: house shortage, overcrowding, population pressure.
Policies to address these problem include: work permits, education of immigrants and control fertility to reduce population density.

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21
Q

Case study of mega city

A

Shanghai
Affluence and effluence
Water quality: less than 40%of the water is disposed. River receive 4 million cube meter untreated water per day.
Waste disposal: building waste and landfill reach capacity. Improvement in sanitation piped water electricity.
Pollution: high cancer mortality rate. Pollution generated by transport industry and domestic uses. Upgrade transportation system limit car ownership.
Coastal flooding: low elevation monsoons and tropical cyclones climate change compounded by subsidence which caused by over abstraction of ground water and weight of buildings

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22
Q

Residential segregation

Definition and causes

A

The physical separation of population by culture income or other criteria

Socio-economic status: social position

Ethnicity: immigrants and residents

23
Q

Indicators that measures deprivation

A

Physical indicator: quality of housing pollution level
Social indicators: crime health level insurance education subsidized benefits
Economic indicator: employment and income
Political indicator: right to vote and activities

24
Q

Positive and negative aspects of slums

A

Positives:

  1. Assimilation of immigrants
  2. Informal business
  3. Kinship family support
  4. Crime rates are low

Negatives:

  1. Lacking security
  2. Lack basic services
  3. Overcrowding
  4. Poor sanitation and hygiene
25
Q

Compare formal and informal economies

A

Informal economy is hard to measure, people employed are poor and unskilled. But selling handcrafts to tourism is a new type of informal business which contribution to the economy is growing. Informal activity has no specific location, mainly in high pedestrian density, residential area and zones of discard.
Informal economy don’t has qualification or training. No job security nor protection and pension. Have unregulated time and pay, are labour intensive ,unhealthy, small and even illegal.

26
Q

Advantage of informal economy

A

An inevitable outcome of urbanization
Provide unskilled worker with casual and immediate work
Easy for people to set up a business, especially in poor country
Goods from informal economy sold in formal economy
Informal economy make contribution to urban wealth

27
Q

Disadvantage of informal economy

A

Threaten the security of residents
Don’t have legal benefits lack legal property ownership and limited access to credits
Exposed to health and safety risks

28
Q

Consequence of centrifugal movement

A

Shift of population and economic activity.

Loss of labour and economic activity

29
Q

Mega city definition

Positives and negatives

A

Mega cities are large metropolitan area or urban agglomeration of ten million residents
Mega cities are dynamic of economic activities and acts like hubs in global network of economic activities, it being together people and resource, social interaction and innovation
Mega cities have high population density, uncontrolled expansion, infrastructure deficits, poor housing, disparity and environment issues

30
Q

Case study of mega city

A

Shanghai
In1990, Shanghai started redevelopment, established a strong industrial base, center of exporting manufacturing and automobile and expand service industry.
After that, reform of land management attracts foreign investments and set up large enterprises. The manufacturing industry began to contract. More migration leads to disparity and gap between rich and poor.
Social issues: house shortage, overcrowding, population pressure.
Policies to address these problem include: work permits, education of immigrants and control fertility to reduce population density.

31
Q

Case study of mega city

A

Shanghai
Affluence and effluence
Water quality: less than 40%of the water is disposed. River receive 4 million cube meter untreated water per day.
Waste disposal: building waste and landfill reach capacity. Improvement in sanitation piped water electricity.
Pollution: high cancer mortality rate. Pollution generated by transport industry and domestic uses. Upgrade transportation system limit car ownership.
Coastal flooding: low elevation monsoons and tropical cyclones climate change compounded by subsidence which caused by over abstraction of ground water and weight of buildings

32
Q

Residential segregation

Definition and causes

A

The physical separation of population by culture income or other criteria

Socio-economic status: social position

Ethnicity: immigrants and residents

33
Q

Indicators that measures deprivation

A

Physical indicator: quality of housing pollution level
Social indicators: crime health level insurance education subsidized benefits
Economic indicator: employment and income
Political indicator: right to vote and activities

34
Q

Positive and negative aspects of slums

A

Positives:

  1. Assimilation of immigrants
  2. Informal business
  3. Kinship family support
  4. Crime rates are low

Negatives:

  1. Lacking security
  2. Lack basic services
  3. Overcrowding
  4. Poor sanitation and hygiene
35
Q

Compare formal and informal economies

A

Informal economy is hard to measure, people employed are poor and unskilled. But selling handcrafts to tourism is a new type of informal business which contribution to the economy is growing. Informal activity has no specific location, mainly in high pedestrian density, residential area and zones of discard.
Informal economy don’t has qualification or training. No job security nor protection and pension. Have unregulated time and pay, are labour intensive ,unhealthy, small and even illegal.

36
Q

Advantage of informal economy

A

An inevitable outcome of urbanization
Provide unskilled worker with casual and immediate work
Easy for people to set up a business, especially in poor country
Goods from informal economy sold in formal economy
Informal economy make contribution to urban wealth

37
Q

Disadvantage of informal economy

A

Threaten the security of residents
Don’t have legal benefits lack legal property ownership and limited access to credits
Exposed to health and safety risks

38
Q

Case study of informal economy

A

Dharavi Mumbai
The largest and oldest slum in Mumbai
Highest population density
Informal economy yields 665 million annual revenue at a high cost of human welfare
Working environment are poor exposed to chemicals and hazards
Industrial activity take place in almost every home. Economy activity are decentralized home based low tech and labour intensive. Labour are cheap
Threats:
Lack residential infrastructure like water and electricity
Government plan to relocate residents into low rise row housing to maximize land profits, but no sustainable

39
Q

Housing strategy in Mumbai

A
  1. Build quick and cheap house. Without expensive structure work, he house are build with foam and other waste material to make it lighter and cheaper. So it can be built quickly and with low skilled labour
  2. Obtaining credits for slum dwellers
Drawbacks:
No accommodation for informal economy
People have to commute
Disrupt extended families bondings
Close business linkage within community may be disrupted
40
Q

Location of industry in urban areas

A
  1. Those need aces to skilled labour, to CBD, to urban market
  2. Port industry
  3. Located on radial routes
  4. Those need large amount of land

Why attractive

  1. Capital city
  2. Large markets
  3. Access to international market
  4. Center of innovation and ideas
  5. Variety of labour
41
Q

Central business district models

A

Notebook

42
Q

Component of CDB

A 
Concentration of banks business
Absence of industry
Department stores high quality shopping
Low residential population
High density of pedestrians
Multistory development
43
Q

Factors affecting CBD decline

A 
Rise in car ownership
Urban expansion
Cheaper peripheral locations
Aging buildings
Congestion
Urban sprawl
High cost
Bad environment
44
Q

CBD case study

A

Reading CBD
West of London
Lose of retail diversity
In 1960 half its current size, dominated by comparison shops and specialist shops. Land values were low and peripheral given out for car parking. The remainder is dominated by chain stores. Food stores were widely spread and varied.
In 1970-1990
Independent retailer experience competition. The main factor is decentralization. Prefer shops with low land value less congestion free parking and more accessible.
In 2000-2010
CBD suffer more decay
Decide to refurbish the center, improve environment shopping experience and appearance of historic features.
Oracle: a large high quality retail center
Successful in creating jobs and offer more flexible shopping
Problems: created competition
Attract other business make the zone crowded
Retailing in other place are depressed
Intensify traffic congestion
Products beyond the mean of poorer people
Chain store reinforce the homogeneity of shopping center

45
Q

Environmental problems

A
  • issues caused by limited land water and services
  • problems such as waste pollution of air and soil

Urban heat island
Human health/discomfort , disease, energy waste, heat stress and environmental degradation

Urban heat wave
Intensify solar radiation heat the surface
Cause high mortality rate

46
Q

Factors of urban heat island

A 
Weather condition
Topology
City population density
Economic development 
Building design
Land surface cover
Heating and traffic
Air pollution
47
Q

Case study of heat wave

A

2003 an anticyclone hit Europe resulted in 30000 death. The problem is most serious in Paris.
The heat cause dehydration and illness, high ground level of ozone and NO. Affected most the elderly and those with health problems.
Paris is not familiar with coping heat waves, there is a shortage of medical staff.
Government responded by developing a heat wave plan of action which encourage elderly to involve in community, offer helpline, a system of alert and cool shelters. Though it reduce death in 2006, But not address the long term problem.

48
Q

Urban social stress

Define consists of

A 
Rapid expansion overwhelm the ability of cities to provide adequate services like housing education and employment
• housing 
Quality of housing 
Quantity of housing
Availability of housing
Ownership
• inequality
Lack access to services
Crime
Ethnic religious divisions causing social and economical polarization
49
Q

Causes of urban violence

A 
Inequality
Unemployment
Low police presence
Opportunity
Poor urban planning
Globalization and technology
50
Q

Consequence of urban crime

A

Endemic insecurity generates fear which leads to segregation.
High rates of crime impact negatively on economic development.
Anxiety generated by the perception of crime often outstrips the actual level of danger, so residents have to restrict their movements.
Gated communities predominate where inequality are, increase the number of security guards.
But this desire to establish a safe refuge often result in segregation and mistrust between groups
When city gain the reputation of crime, it’s ability to create wealth is undermined
International terrorism

51
Q

How can city achieve sustainability

A 
Improve economic security
Meet social cultural need
Minimize the use of no renewable resources
Use finite resources sustainably
Preserve green space
52
Q

Urban ecological footprint

A

The urban ecological footprint is the land area required to sustain a population of any size.
It measures the amount of farmland and aquatic resources that must be used to sustain a population

53
Q

Case study of sustainable strategy

A

Kathmandu Nepal
Experience rapid urbanization
Produce waste which created problem of smell and health issues
Has a serious problem of solid waste disposal, waste produced is increasing by12%a year.
70% household waste has organic matter, 20% has recyclable materials.
The Kathmandu community practice composing organic waste to reduce environmental impact and sold it on local markets.
The Community Mobilization Unit promote waste composing and works with groups to provide training and to raise awareness in solid waste management.

Geography (6 decks)

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