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Geography > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Four components of atmosphere

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere(T increase with altitude)
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

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2
Q

Earth energy budget

A

Account for energy enter and leave the earth

Account for the remainder

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3
Q

The energy balance

A

Balance between energy received and dissipated

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4
Q

Insolation

A

Power received per unit area on a horizontal surface

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5
Q

Mechanism of energy transition from sun to earth

A

Sun short wavelength

Earth long wavelength

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6
Q

Factors change the balance

A 
Volcano 
Ashes
Desertification 
Cloud 
Greenhouse gases 
Melting ice caps
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7
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Atmosphere of planet traps radiation from its star, greenhouse gases allow UV light to pass but retain the heat

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8
Q

Problems caused by global warming

A 
Rising sea level 
Loss biodiversity (coral reef)
Drought heatwave
Desertification
Storms
Floods
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9
Q

Natural factors affect the climate

A

Milankonviche theory (Eccentricity
Tilt
Precession. Wobble)

Solar output cycle

Meteorites and volcanoes

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10
Q

Solve global warming

A 
Renewable energy
Reuse recycle
Reforestation
Store carbon
International agreement

Build sea defenses
Disease treatment
Desalination
Resettlement

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11
Q

Positive impacts of global warming

A 
Navigation
Agricultural land
Release of freshwater
Accessibility of resources
Reducing heating
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12
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

Developed countries have responsibilities to reduce greenhouse gases

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13
Q

Four types of soil degradation

A 
Wind 
Water 
Physical
Chemical
(Biological)
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14
Q

Two types of water erosion

A

Splash erosion

Running erosion

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15
Q

Water erosion influenced by

A

Type of soil (infiltration rate)
Rainfall
Soil use
Slop gradient

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16
Q

Soil erodibility

A

The estimate of the resistance of soil to erosion

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17
Q

Wind erosion influenced by

A

Soil erodibility
Surface roughness
Climate
Vegetation cover

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18
Q

Chemical deterioration caused by

A 
Industrial waste
Oil spill
Fertilizer pesticides herbicides 
Radioactive material
Airborne pollutants
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19
Q

Effects of chemical deterioration

A

Salinisation
Acidification
Soil pollution
Fertility decline

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20
Q

Physical deterioration caused by

A

Compact

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21
Q

Effects of physical deterioration

A 
Soil crusting
Runoff
Low infiltration rate
Low plant growth
Susceptibility to other degradation
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22
Q

Soil definition

A

A natural layer of minerals that varies in thickness

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23
Q

Soil fertility depends on

A 
Soil depth
Mineral content
Drainage
Structure
PH
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24
Q

Humus definition

A

A fertile layer of soil found near surface made from biological matter

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25
Q

Five stages of the Nitrogen Cycle

A 
1 Fixation
   Nitrogen become ammonium (bacteria)
2 Nitrification 
   Ammonium become nitrate (bacteria)
3 Assimilation
   Plants absorb nitrate from soil 
4 Ammonification
   Nitrogen become ammonium through decay of organic matter (fungi bacteria)
5 Denitrification
   Extra nitrogen release into the air
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26
Q

Why is nitrogen important

A

A part of many cells and amino acids proteins and DNA

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27
Q

How human altered the nitrogen cycle

A

Fertilizer

Nitrous oxide gas (burning fossil fuel , form acid rain)

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28
Q

Human causes of soil degradation

A 
Overgrazing
Overpopulation
Overcultivation
Deforestation
Fertilizer
Industrial pollution
Unsustainable water use
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29
Q

Physical causes of soil degradation

A 
Floods 
Temperature rise 
Rainfall
Wind
Topography
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30
Q

Problems caused by soil degradation

A 
Desertification
Low yields of crops
Dust storms
Topsoil erosion
Conflict
Famine
Increasing use of chemicals
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31
Q

Prevent soil degradation

A 
Crop rotation 
Fallow periods
Shelter belts (trees)
Terracing and contour ploughing 
Reforestation
Population control
Organic farming
Urban planning 
Grazing quotas
Irrigation / fertilizer
Different cropping techniques
Maintain a crop cover
Plant grass crop
Increase organic content in soil
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32
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

Demand for water larger than supply

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33
Q

Economic water scarcity

A

Can not fully utilize the water but water available

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34
Q

Water stress

A

Demand for water surpass supply during a set period of time leading to shortages

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35
Q

Pattern of water scarcity

A

Physical: mainly around equator
Economic: Africa/Asia poor countries and water may be polluted

36
Q

Water poverty index

A 
Resources: amount of water available
Access: time and distance to get to water
Capacity: manage water use
Use: how water is used
Environment: sustainability
37
Q

Caused of water shortage

A 
Population growth
Pollution
Mismanagement
Sewage
Agricultural/domestic/industrial demand
Global warming
Groundwater depletion
38
Q

Problems caused by water shortage

A 
Crop failure
Drought
Disease
Livestock death
Famine 
Conflict
Refugees
Biodiversity loss
Eutrophication (algae)
39
Q

Case study about water pollution

A

Lack Biwa in Japan
Densely populated and industrialized around the lack
Land reclamation causes waste and runoff into the lack
Chemical poisoned aquatic life
Eutrophication caused by fertilizer

Change policies and change to natural detergent

40
Q

Solutions to water stress

A

Sewage treatment
The removal of contaminants
Virtual water
Country produce specialized products that uses more or less water
Desalination
Through evaporation or membranes
Conservation
Recycle grey water/collect rainwater/ drip irrigation/ toilet and shower
Water charities
Build wells/ teaching farming techniques/ reduce irrigation leakage/ educate how to conserve water

41
Q

Potential impact of climate change

A

1 degree rise
More heatwaves and forest fires, coral dies and more disease
2 degree rise
Heatwaves every years, oceans too acidic for any reefs, yield drop, sea level rise by 7 meters and more flooding
4 degree rise
Ice cover disappear permanently and polar bear extinct, sea water submerged many island nations

42
Q

Soil loss equation

A 
A=RKLACP
Erosivity (rainfall total, intensity)
Erodibility (susceptibility of soil to erode)
Length-slope
Crop management
Soil conservation
43
Q

Soil degradation

A

Severe reduction in the quality of soil often through soil erosion salinization or soil exhaustion

44
Q

Case study soil degradation

A 
USA 
Irrigation reduces groundwater level
Widespread salinization
Remove shelter belts 
Military training and urban growth
Population increase
Tunisia
Government build more villages 
Poor management in livestocks
Overgrazing and degradation
45
Q

Case study manage soil degradation

A

The European Union Soil Charter
Soil is important, non-renewable and need protection.
Urban development should be sustainable
Encourage organic farming, afforestation and benign crop production

46
Q

Case study World Development Report

A 
Enforce sound water policy
Tradable water rights
Invest in new technologies
Desalinate seawater
Use treated wastewater
Mange groundwater
Require highly productive and diverse agriculture landscape
47
Q

Case study

Water management in Tunisia

A

Water distribute unevenly
Build dams
Stored water pumped across the mountain range into river basin
Treats and reuses a third of its wastewater for agriculture
Recharge aquifers artificially

48
Q

Case study

Water diversion in China

A

South-North water diversion project from Hebei to Beijjng
Poverty in Hebei as industries are closing and farmers switching to less profitable maize
Beijing draws two thirds water from underground and the water table dropping a meter a year
Beijing reduce demand by increasing water tariffs and recycle water

49
Q

Case study Sahel

A 
Sahara desert
Dry climate grassland people are semi-nomadic herders
Soil degradation 
[reason]
Population       Colonialism
Deforestation   Temperature rise
Overgrazing
[problem]
Famine     Dust storms   Conflicts
[solution]
Shelter break/ green wall
Population control
Improve farming techniques
50
Q

Water supply depends on several factors in the water cycle

A

Rates of rainfall
Evaporation
Use of water by plants
River and groundwater flows

51
Q

Biodiversity definition

A

The variety of all forms of life on earth (plants animals and microorganism )
It refers to species diversity /ecosystem diversity /and habitat diversity. !!!

52
Q

Tropical rainforest features

A

Biodiversity hotspots
Most species are unique to the rainforest
50%of species in 7% of the land

53
Q

Flora and fauna definition

A

Plants

Animals

54
Q

Deforestation
Reforestation
Afforestation Definition

A

1 area of forest are removed
2 replant trees in area where had been deforestation
3 plant tree in area where had previously no trees

55
Q

Organizations help protect rainforest

A

UNEP
Help countries implement environmental policies
CITES
Multilateral treaty to ensure trade of animals and plants doesn’t affect their survival

56
Q

Biome definition

A

A large geographical area of distinctive plants and animal groups which are adapted to that particular environment
The climate and geography determine what kind of biome can exist in that region

57
Q

How to determine a biome

A

Climate of the region
Where each biome is found
Adaptation of plants
Types of animals found in the biome their physical and behavioral adaptation

58
Q

Tropics importance

A 
Impact on biodiversity
Climate buffer
Rainfall generation
Soil stabilization
Health impact
Industrial recreational benefits
Store water 
Environmental air conditioner (release water into atmosphere)
59
Q

soil change

A

acidification : may cause circulation of toxic metals

Salt-affected soil

60
Q

Level of water scarcity in a country depends on

A 
Perception 
Water availability 
Population growth
Demand for water 
Affordability
61
Q

Factors affecting access to safe water

A

Water availability
Water infrastructure
Cost of water

62
Q

Tropical rainforest climate

A

Humid
Hinder storm afternoon
Annual rainfall 125-650cm
Water evaporates form clouds

63
Q

Why rainforest important

A 
Biodiversity
Photosynthesis
Flood control
Soil erosion control
Source of nutrients
Ecotourism
Indigenous group
Diverse gene
64
Q

Why rainforest destroyed

A 
Cattle
Subsistence farming
Build dams 
Mining
Urban growth 
Population growth
Plantation
65
Q

Problem caused removing rainforest

A 
Flooding 
Landslide
Biodiversity loss
Reduced photosynthesis
Silting of river 
Breaking of nutrient cycle
Sandification
Reduced rainfall
Health effect
66
Q

Case study of rainforest

A

Summary is On the paper

67
Q

Sustainable development definition

A

Meeting the needs of today generation without compromising the future generation needs. Sustainable development includes economical social and environmental sustainability

68
Q

Stewardship definition

A

The act of overseeing the protection of something

69
Q

Environmental sustainability definition.

What does it include🌿

A

Improvement in the standard of living that do not cause long term damage to the environment that impact future generation

Include: protect biodiversity
Reduce acid rain/ climate change/ damage to ozone/ pollution

70
Q

Economical sustainability definition

What does it include💴

A

Development that includes everyone, where everyone has the right of economic improvement. The development should be long term and devoid of corruption and debt.

Include: access to finance
Avoid: corruption/ extortion/ absolute poverty / nepotism/ debt

71
Q

Social sustainability definition

What does it include🌃

A

Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all. It should incorporate everyone and ensures equal access to healthcare, education and resources.

Includes : freedom to speech
                Health and safety of work
                Access to water
                Equality between sexes
                Right to vote
                Access to justice
                Safety
                Respect of cultures
72
Q

Sustainability is part of Millennium Development Goal

A
  1. Decrease of environmental loss
  2. Decrease biodiversity loss
  3. Decrease people without accessible drinking water
  4. Increase life for slum dwellers
73
Q

Two index measures sustainability

A

Environmental sustainability index
Environmental performance index

Aims at reducing environmental stress to human health and promoting ecosystem vitality

74
Q

Endangered animals examples

A

Amur leopard 🐆
Threatened by poaching deforestation railway and pipelines
Bluefin tuna🐟
Threatened by overfishing

75
Q

Challenges of sustains development

A

Lack of understanding and environmental concerns
Understanding the link between environmental damage with poverty
Think in the long term way

76
Q

Case study of rainforest

A

Summary is On the paper

77
Q

Sustainable development definition

A

Meeting the needs of today generation without compromising the future generation needs. Sustainable development includes economical social and environmental sustainability

78
Q

Stewardship definition

A

The act of overseeing the protection of something

79
Q

Environmental sustainability definition.

What does it include🌿

A

Improvement in the standard of living that do not cause long term damage to the environment that impact future generation

Include: protect biodiversity
Reduce acid rain/ climate change/ damage to ozone/ pollution

80
Q

Economical sustainability definition

What does it include💴

A

Development that includes everyone, where everyone has the right of economic improvement. The development should be long term and devoid of corruption and debt.

Include: access to finance
Avoid: corruption/ extortion/ absolute poverty / nepotism/ debt

81
Q

Social sustainability definition

What does it include🌃

A

Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all. It should incorporate everyone and ensures equal access to healthcare, education and resources.

Includes : freedom to speech
                Health and safety of work
                Access to water
                Equality between sexes
                Right to vote
                Access to justice
                Safety
                Respect of cultures
82
Q

Sustainability is part of Millennium Development Goal

A
  1. Decrease of environmental loss
  2. Decrease biodiversity loss
  3. Decrease people without accessible drinking water
  4. Increase life for slum dwellers
83
Q

Two index measures sustainability

A

Environmental sustainability index
Environmental performance index

Aims at reducing environmental stress to human health and promoting ecosystem vitality

84
Q

Endangered animals examples

A

Amur leopard 🐆
Threatened by poaching deforestation railway and pipelines
Bluefin tuna🐟
Threatened by overfishing

85
Q

Challenges of sustains development

A

Lack of understanding and environmental concerns
Understanding the link between environmental damage with poverty
Think in the long term way

Geography (6 decks)

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